Bubblewrap/例

提供: ArchWiki
2023年2月22日 (水) 05:48時点におけるKgx (トーク | 投稿記録)による版 (→‎Desktop: 翻訳)
ナビゲーションに移動 検索に移動

dhcpcd

シンプルな dhcpcd のサンドボックスを作成:

  • 利用可能なカーネル名前空間を確認:
$ ls /proc/self/ns 
cgroup  ipc  mnt  net  pid  uts
ノート: user が存在しない場合、CONFIG_USER_NS=n でカーネルのユーザー名前空間が無効になっているか使用が制限されています。
  • ホストの / ディレクトリ全体を読み書き可能でサンドボックスの / にバインド。
  • 新しい devtmpfs ファイルシステムをサンドボックスの /dev にマウント。
  • 新しい IPC 名前空間とコントロールグループ名前空間を作成。
  • 新しい UTS 名前空間を作成して dhcpcd をホストネームとして設定。
# /usr/bin/bwrap --bind / / --dev /dev --unshare-ipc --unshare-cgroup --unshare-uts --hostname dhcpcd /usr/bin/dhcpcd -q -b

Unbound

粒度の細かい複雑な Unbound のサンドボックスを作成:

  • システムの /usr ディレクトリを読み取り専用でサンドボックスの /usr にバインド。
  • システムの /usr/lib ディレクトリからサンドボックスの /lib64 に対してシンボリックリンクを作成。
  • システムの /etc ディレクトリを読み取り専用でサンドボックスの /etc にバインド。
  • サンドボックスの中に空の /var と /run ディレクトリを作成。
  • 新しい devtmpfs ファイルシステムをサンドボックスの /dev にマウント。
  • 新しい IPC 名前空間と PID 名前空間とコントロールグループ名前空間を作成。
  • 新しい UTS 名前空間を作成して unbound をホストネームとして設定。
# /usr/bin/bwrap --ro-bind /usr /usr --symlink usr/lib /lib64 --ro-bind /etc /etc --dir /var --dir /run --dev /dev --unshare-ipc --unshare-pid --unshare-cgroup --unshare-uts --hostname unbound /usr/bin/unbound -d
ヒント: unbound.service などの systemd ユニットファイルを bubblewrap する方法は systemd#ユニットファイルの編集 を見てください。

Desktop

デスクトップエントリで bubblewrap を活用:

  • ホストの / ディレクトリ全体を読み書き可能でサンドボックスの / にバインド。
  • サンドボックスの /var と /etc ディレクトリを読み取り専用で再バインド
  • 新しい devtmpfs ファイルシステムをサンドボックスの /dev にマウント。
  • サンドボックスの /run ディレクトリに tmpfs ファイルシステムを作成。
  • 新しいネットワーク名前空間を作成してネットワークアクセスを無効化。
[Desktop Entry]
Name=nano Editor
Exec=bwrap --bind / / --dev /dev --tmpfs /run --unshare-net  st -e nano -o . %f
Type=Application
MimeType=text/plain;
ノート: /dev/pty に書き込むには --dev /dev が必要です。
  • mupdf.sh シェルラッパーを組み込んだ MuPDF のデスクトップエントリの例:
[Desktop Entry]
Name=MuPDF
Exec=mupdf.sh %f
Icon=application-pdf.svg
Type=Application
MimeType=application/pdf;application/x-pdf;
ノート: mupdf.sh は PATH が通った場所に配置してください。例: PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bwrap

MuPDF

この記事またはセクションの正確性には問題があります。
理由: Forwarding the X11 socket may lead to a sandbox escape (議論: トーク:Bubblewrap/例#)

The power and flexibility of bwrap is best revealed when used to create an environment within a shell wrapper:

  • Bind as read-only the host /usr/bin directory to /usr/bin in the sandbox
  • Bind as read-only the host /usr/lib directory to /usr/lib in the sandbox
  • Create a symbolic link from the system /usr/lib directory to /lib64 in the sandbox
  • Create a tmpfs filesystem overlaying /usr/lib/gcc in the sandbox
    • This effectively blacklists the contents of /usr/lib/gcc from appearing in the sandbox
  • Create a new tmpfs filesystem as the $HOME directory in the sandbox
  • Bind as read-only an .Xauthority file and Documents directory into the sandbox
    • This effectively whitelists the .Xauthority file and Documents directory with recursion
  • Create a new tmpfs filesystem as the /tmp directory in the sandbox
  • Whitelist the X11 socket by binding it into the sandbox as read-only
  • Clone and create private containers for all namespaces supported by the running kernel
    • If the kernel does not support non-privileged user namespaces, skip its creation and continue
  • Do not place network components into a private namespace
    • This allows for network access to follow URI hyperlinks
#!/bin/sh
#~/bwrap/mupdf.sh
(exec bwrap \
--ro-bind /usr/bin /usr/bin \
--ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
--symlink usr/lib /lib64 \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/gcc \
--tmpfs $HOME \
--ro-bind $HOME/.Xauthority $HOME/.Xauthority \
--ro-bind $HOME/Documents $HOME/Documents \
--tmpfs /tmp \
--ro-bind /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 \
 --unshare-all \
--share-net \
/usr/bin/mupdf "$@")
ヒント: Execute a shell wrapper substituting the existing executable with /usr/bin/sh to debug and verify the contents and filesystem structure of the sandbox.
$ bwrap \
--ro-bind /usr/bin /usr/bin \
--ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
--symlink usr/lib /lib64 \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/gcc \
--tmpfs $HOME \
--ro-bind $HOME/.Xauthority $HOME/.Xauthority \
--ro-bind $HOME/Desktop $HOME/Desktop \
--tmpfs /tmp \
--ro-bind /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 \
--unshare-all \
--share-net \
 /usr/bin/sh
bash-4.4$ ls -AF
.Xauthority  Documents/

Perhaps the most important rule to consider when building a bubblewrapped filesystem is that commands are executed in the order they appear. From the MuPDF example above:

  • A tmpfs system is created followed by the bind mounting of an .Xauthority file and a Documents directory:
--tmpfs $HOME \
--ro-bind $HOME/.Xauthority $HOME/.Xauthority \
--ro-bind $HOME/Documents $HOME/Documents \

bash-4.4$ ls -a
.  ..  .Xauthority  Desktop
  • A tmpfs filesystem is created after the bind mounting of .Xauthority and overlays it so that only the Documents directory is visible within the sandbox:
--ro-bind $HOME/.Xauthority $HOME/.Xauthority \
--tmpfs $HOME \
--ro-bind $HOME/Desktop $HOME/Desktop \

bash-4.4$ ls -a
.  ..  Desktop

p7zip

Applications which have not yet been patched against known vulnerabilities constitute prime candidates for bubblewrapping:

  • Bind as read-only the host /usr/bin/7za executable path to the sandbox
  • Create a symbolic link from the system /usr/lib directory to /lib64 in the sandbox
  • Blacklist the sandboxed contents of /usr/lib/modules and /usr/lib/systemd with tmpfs overlays
  • Mount a new devtmpfs filesystem to /dev in the sandbox
  • Bind as read-write the host /sandbox directory to the /sandbox directory in the sandbox
    • 7za will only run in the host /sandbox directory and/or its subdirectories when called from the shell wrapper
  • Create new cgroup/IPC/network/PID/UTS namespaces for the application and its processes
    • If the kernel does not support non-privileged user namespaces, skip its creation and continue
    • Creation of a new network namespace prevents the sandbox from obtaining network access
  • Add a custom or an arbitrary hostname to the sandbox such as p7zip
  • Unset the XAUTHORITY environment variable to hide the location of the X11 connection cookie
    • 7za does not need to connect to an X11 display server to function properly
  • Start a new terminal session to prevent keyboard input from escaping the sandbox
#!/bin/sh
#~/bwrap/pz7ip.sh
(exec bwrap \
--ro-bind /usr/bin/7za /usr/bin/7za \
--symlink usr/lib /lib64 \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/modules \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/systemd \
--dev /dev \
--bind /sandbox /sandbox \
--unshare-all \
--hostname p7zip \
--unsetenv XAUTHORITY \
--new-session \
/usr/bin/7za "$@")
ノート: /usr/bin/sh and /usr/bin/ls must reside in the executable path in order to traverse and verify the sandbox filesystem.
bwrap \
--ro-bind /usr/bin/7za /usr/bin/7za \
--ro-bind /usr/bin/ls /usr/bin/ls \
--ro-bind /usr/bin/sh /usr/bin/sh \
--symlink usr/lib /lib64 \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/modules \
--tmpfs /usr/lib/systemd \
--dev /dev \
--bind /sandbox /sandbox \
--unshare-all \
--hostname p7zip \
--unsetenv XAUTHORITY \
--new-session \
/usr/bin/sh
bash: no job control in this shell
bash-4.4$ ls -AF         
dev/  lib64@  usr/
bash-4.4$ ls -l /usr/lib/modules 
total 0
bash-4.4$ ls -l /usr/lib/systemd
total 0
bash-4.4$ ls -AF /dev
console  full  null  ptmx@  pts/  random  shm/  stderr@  stdin@  stdout@  tty  urandom  zero
bash-4.4$ ls -A /usr/bin
7za  ls  sh

Firefox

Network facing applications with large surface attack areas are also ideal candidates to be bubblewrapped:

  • Transmission included in the sandbox to launch with magnet and torrent links
  • Example wrap supports audio (PulseAudio) and printing (CUPS/Avahi) under GNOME (Wayland)
    • Paths in ~/.config/transmission/settings.json should reflect the --setenv HOME variable
  • Full paths are used to allow for keyboard bindings in environments which do not support variable expansion.
  • WebRenderer and hardware (accelerated) compositing support included
 bwrap \
--symlink usr/lib /lib \
--symlink usr/lib64 /lib64 \
--symlink usr/bin /bin \
--symlink usr/bin /sbin \
--ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
--ro-bind /usr/lib64 /usr/lib64 \
--ro-bind /usr/bin /usr/bin \
--ro-bind /usr/lib/firefox /usr/lib/firefox \
--ro-bind /usr/share/applications /usr/share/applications \
--ro-bind /usr/share/gtk-3.0 /usr/share/gtk-3.0 \
--ro-bind /usr/share/fontconfig /usr/share/fontconfig \
--ro-bind /usr/share/icu /usr/share/icu \
--ro-bind /usr/share/drirc.d /usr/share/drirc.d \
--ro-bind /usr/share/fonts /usr/share/fonts \
--ro-bind /usr/share/glib-2.0 /usr/share/glib-2.0 \
--ro-bind /usr/share/glvnd /usr/share/glvnd \
--ro-bind /usr/share/icons /usr/share/icons \
--ro-bind /usr/share/libdrm /usr/share/libdrm \
--ro-bind /usr/share/mime /usr/share/mime \
--ro-bind /usr/share/X11/xkb /usr/share/X11/xkb \
--ro-bind /usr/share/icons /usr/share/icons \
--ro-bind /usr/share/mime /usr/share/mime \
--ro-bind /etc/fonts /etc/fonts \
--ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \
--ro-bind /usr/share/ca-certificates /usr/share/ca-certificates \
--ro-bind /etc/ssl /etc/ssl \
--ro-bind /etc/ca-certificates /etc/ca-certificates \
--dir /run/user/"$(id -u)" \
--ro-bind /run/user/"$(id -u)"/pulse /run/user/"$(id -u)"/pulse \
--ro-bind /run/user/"$(id -u)"/wayland-1 /run/user/"$(id -u)"/wayland-1 \
--dev /dev \
--dev-bind /dev/dri /dev/dri \
--ro-bind /sys/dev/char /sys/dev/char \
--ro-bind /sys/devices/pci0000:00 /sys/devices/pci0000:00 \
--proc /proc \
--tmpfs /tmp \
--bind /home/example/.mozilla /home/example/.mozilla \
--bind /home/example/.config/transmission /home/example/.config/transmission \
--bind /home/example/Downloads /home/example/Downloads \
--setenv HOME /home/example \
--setenv GTK_THEME Adwaita:dark \
--setenv MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND 1 \
--setenv PATH /usr/bin \
--hostname RESTRICTED \
--unshare-all \
--share-net \
--die-with-parent \
--new-session \
/usr/bin/firefox

Enhancing privacy

  • Further restrictions can be made by removing specific entries
    • Remove the following entry to remove audio support:
--ro-bind /run/user/"$(id -u)"/pulse /run/user/"$(id -u)"/pulse \
  • /sandbox represents an arbitrary location defined by the user to hold desired profile information
    • This allows for the use of a sanitized profile copied into /sandbox via a script/cron job or manually e.g.
$ cp -pR ~/.mozilla /sandbox/

The location can be a network share, a USB mount, or a local filesystem or ramfs/tmpfs location

  • Set /home/r to obscure the actual /home/example
  • Set new user ID and group ID values
ノート: Ensure that the selected UID and GID does not conflict with existing values listed in /etc/passwd and /etc/groups.
bwrap \
....
--bind /sandbox/.mozilla /home/r/.mozilla \
--bind /sandbox/Downloads /home/r/Downloads \
...
--setenv HOME /home/r \
...
--uid 200 --gid 400 \
...
/usr/bin/firefox --no-remote --private-window

Chromium

A simple chromium sandbox on wayland and with pipewire: 

bwrap \
    --symlink usr/lib /lib \
    --symlink usr/lib64 /lib64 \
    --symlink usr/bin /bin \
    --symlink usr/bin /sbin \
    --ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
    --ro-bind /usr/lib64 /usr/lib64 \
    --ro-bind /usr/bin /usr/bin \
    --ro-bind /etc /etc \
    --ro-bind /usr/lib/chromium /usr/lib/chromium \
    --ro-bind /usr/share /usr/share \
    --dev /dev \
    --dev-bind /dev/dri /dev/dri \
    --proc /proc \
    --ro-bind /sys/dev/char /sys/dev/char \
    --ro-bind /sys/devices /sys/devices \
    --ro-bind /run/dbus /run/dbus \
    --dir "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
    --ro-bind "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/wayland-1" "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/wayland-1" \
    --ro-bind "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/pipewire-0" "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/pipewire-0" \
    --ro-bind "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/pulse" "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/pulse" \
    --tmpfs /tmp \
    --dir $HOME/.cache \
    --bind $HOME/.config/chromium $HOME/.config/chromium \
    --bind $HOME/Downloads $HOME/Downloads \
    /usr/bin/chromium --enable-features=UseOzonePlatform --ozone-platform=wayland
警告: If you are using the linux-hardened kernel, you will not be able to use bubblewrap to sandbox chromium due to the kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone sysctl being set to 0. You can set it to 1, however, this is not recommended FS#36969.

One alternative solution is to have chromium use the namespace created by bubblewrap. This can be achieved through zypakAUR which is also used by flatpak to run electron based apps inside an additional namespace. Example code that demonstrates how to use zypak with chromium/electron can be found here

  • PipeWire: --ro-bind "/run/user/$(id -u)/pipewire-0" "/run/user/$(id -u)/pipewire-0" \
    • If you are not using pipewire, feel free to remove this line
  • --bind $HOME/.config/chromium $HOME/.config/chromium \ mounts your chromium configuration directory in the sandbox as readable and writable
  • --bind $HOME/Downloads $HOME/Downloads \ mounts your ~/Downloads directory in the sandbox as readable and writable
  • This example can be further improved for more isolation.

Skype for Linux

この記事またはセクションの正確性には問題があります。
理由: Forwarding the X11 and/or DBus sockets may lead to a sandbox escape (議論: トーク:Bubblewrap/例#)

skypeforlinux-stable-binAUR should be started with /usr/share/skypeforlinux/skypeforlinux instead of /usr/bin/skypeforlinux, because the latter is just a wrapper script which forks the main process in the background and terminates, which conflicts with the --die-with-parent bwrap option.

The following example provides these features:

  • env -i ensures that all environment variables are unset.
  • Network is shared with the host (--share-net), /etc/resolv.conf is bind-mounted.
  • Xorg access: bind the /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 socket, set $DISPLAY.
  • D-Bus: bind the /run/user/$UID/bus socket, set $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS.
  • Audio: bind the PulseAudio socket.
  • Video: dev-bind the /dev/video0 device.

The directory on the host where you want to keep the Skype profile can be configured with $HOST_PROFILE_PATH. 

env -i bwrap \
    --ro-bind /usr /usr \
    --dir /home/r \
    --dir /tmp \
    --dir /var \
    --dir /run/user/$UID \
    --proc /proc \
    --dev /dev \
    --symlink usr/lib /lib \
    --symlink usr/lib64 /lib64 \
    --symlink usr/bin /bin \
    --symlink usr/sbin /sbin \
    --symlink ../tmp /var/tmp \
    --bind "$HOST_PROFILE_PATH" /home/r/.config/skypeforlinux \
    --ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \
    --ro-bind /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 \
    --ro-bind /run/user/$UID/bus /run/user/$UID/bus \
    --ro-bind /run/user/$UID/pulse /run/user/$UID/pulse \
    --dev-bind /dev/video0 /dev/video0 \
    --chdir / \
    --unshare-all \
    --share-net \
    --hostname RESTRICTED \
    --die-with-parent \
    --new-session \
    --setenv PATH /usr/bin \
    --setenv HOME /home/r \
    --setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "/run/user/$UID" \
    --setenv DISPLAY "$DISPLAY" \
    --setenv DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS "unix:path=/run/user/$UID/bus" \
    /usr/share/skypeforlinux/skypeforlinux

Steam

この記事またはセクションの正確性には問題があります。
理由: Forwarding the X11 and/or DBus sockets may lead to a sandbox escape (議論: トーク:Bubblewrap/例#)

A simple Steam sandbox 

#!/usr/bin/bash
set -e

STEAM_HOME="$HOME/.local/share/steam_sandbox"
RUN_USER="/run/user/$UID"

mkdir -p "$STEAM_HOME"

_bind() {
	_bind_arg=$1
	shift
	for _path in "$@"; do
		args+=("$_bind_arg" "$_path" "$_path")
	done
}

bind() {
	_bind --bind-try "$@"
}

robind() {
	_bind --ro-bind-try "$@"
}

devbind() {
	_bind --dev-bind-try "$@"
}

args=(
	--tmpfs /tmp
	--proc /proc
	--dev /dev
	--dir /etc
	--dir /var
	--dir "$RUN_USER"
	--bind "$STEAM_HOME" "$HOME"
	--dir "$HOME"
	--dir "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME"
	--dir "$XDG_CACHE_HOME"
	--dir "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
	--dir "$XDG_STATE_HOME"
	--symlink /usr/lib /lib
	--symlink /usr/lib /lib64
	--symlink /usr/bin /bin
	--symlink /usr/bin /sbin
	--symlink /run /var/run
)

robind \
	/usr \
	/etc \
	/opt \
	/sys \
	/var/empty \
	/var/lib/alsa \
	/var/lib/dbus \
	"$RUN_USER/systemd/resolve"

devbind \
	/dev/dri \
	/dev/nvidia* \

# steam
bind \
	"$HOME/.Xauthority" \
	"$HOME/.local/bin/proton" \
	"$HOME/.pki" \
	"$HOME/.steam" \
	"$HOME/.steampath" \
	"$HOME/.steampid" \
	"$HOME/Downloads" \
	"$RUN_USER"/.mutter-X* \
	"$RUN_USER"/ICE* \
	"$RUN_USER"/dbus* \
	"$RUN_USER"/gnome* \
	"$RUN_USER"/pipewire* \
	"$RUN_USER"/pulse* \
	"$RUN_USER"/wayland* \
	"$RUN_USER/at-spi" \
	"$RUN_USER/bus" \
	"$RUN_USER/dconf" \
	"$RUN_USER/systemd" \
	"$XDG_CACHE_HOME/mesa_shader_cache" \
	"$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nv" \
	"$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nvidia" \
	"$XDG_CACHE_HOME/radv_builtin_shaders64" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Epic" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Loop_Hero" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/MangoHud" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/ModTheSpire" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/RogueLegacy" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/RogueLegacyStorageContainer" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/cef_user_data" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/proton" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pulse" \
	"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/unity3d" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/3909/PapersPlease" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/Colossal Order" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/Dredmor" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/FasterThanLight" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/HotlineMiami" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/IntoTheBreach" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/Paradox Interactive" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/PillarsOfEternity" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/RogueLegacy" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/RogueLegacyStorageContainer" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/Steam" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/SuperHexagon" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/Terraria" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/aspyr-media" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/bohemiainteractive" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/cdprojektred" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/feral-interactive" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/frictionalgames" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/proton" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/vpltd" \
	"$XDG_DATA_HOME/vulkan" \
	"/var/lib/bluetooth" \
	/run/systemd \
	/tmp/.ICE-unix \
	/tmp/.X11-unix 

exec bwrap "${args[@]}" /usr/lib/steam/steam "$@"

Filesystem isolation

警告: It is the bubblewrap user’s responsibility to update the filesystem trees regularly.

To further hide the contents of the file system (such as those in /var, /usr/bin and /usr/lib) and to sandbox even the installation of software, pacman can be made to install Arch packages into isolated filesystem trees.

In order to use pacman for installing software into the filesystem trees, you will need to install fakeroot and fakechroot.

Suppose you want to install the xterm package with pacman into an isolated filesystem tree. You should prepare your tree like this: 

$ MYPACKAGE=xterm
$ mkdir -p ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/var/lib/pacman
$ mkdir -p ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/etc
$ cp /etc/pacman.conf ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/etc/pacman.conf

You may want to edit ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/etc/pacman.conf and adjust the pacman configuration used:

  • Remove any undesired custom repositories and IgnorePkg, IgnoreGroup, NoUpgrade and NoExtract settings that are needed only for the host system.
  • You may need to remove the CheckSpace option so pacman will not complain about errors finding the root filesystem for checking disk space.

Then install the base group along with the needed fakeroot into the isolated filesystem tree: 

$ fakechroot fakeroot pacman -Syu \
    --root ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files \
    --dbpath ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/var/lib/pacman \
    --config ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/etc/pacman.conf \
    base fakeroot

Since you will be repeatedly calling bubblewrap with the same options, make an alias: 

$ alias bw-install='bwrap                        \
     --bind ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/ /    \
     --ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \
     --tmpfs /tmp                                \
     --proc /proc                                \
     --dev /dev                                  \
     --chdir /                                   '

You will need to set up the locales by editing ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/etc/locale.gen and running: 

$ bw-install locale-gen

Then set up pacman’s keyring: 

$ bw-install fakeroot pacman-key --init
$ bw-install fakeroot pacman-key --populate

Now you can install the desired xterm package. 

$ bw-install fakeroot pacman -S ${MYPACKAGE}

If the pacman command fails here, try running the command for populating the keyring again.

Congratulations. You now have an isolated filesystem tree containing xterm. You can use bw-install again to upgrade your filesystem tree.

You can now run your software with bubblewrap. command should be xterm in this case. 

$ bwrap                                          \
     --ro-bind ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}/files/ / \
     --ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \
     --tmpfs /tmp                                \
     --proc /proc                                \
     --dev /dev                                  \
     --chdir /                                   \
     command

Note that some files can be shared between packages. You can hardlink to all files of an existing parent filesystem tree to reuse them in a new tree: 

$ cp -al ~/sandboxes/${MYPARENTPACKAGE} ~/sandboxes/${MYPACKAGE}

Then proceed with the installation as usual by calling pacman from bw-install fakechroot fakeroot pacman ....

「https://wiki.archlinux.jp/index.php?title=Bubblewrap/例&oldid=30166」から取得