Iwd

関連記事

• ネットワーク設定
• ワイヤレス設定
• wpa_supplicant

IWD (iNet wireless daemon) は Intel によって書かれた Linux 用の無線デーモンです。プロジェクトの中心的な目標は、外部ライブラリに依存せず、Linux カーネルが提供する機能を最大限に活用することです。

iwd はスタンドアロンでも動作しますが ConnMan、systemd-networkd や NetworkManager のような包括的なネットワークマネージャーとの組み合わせて使うこともできます。

インストール

iwd パッケージをインストールしてください。

使用方法

iwd パッケージにはクライアントプログラムの iwctl とデーモンの iwd、そして Wi-Fi 監視ツールの iwmon が含まれています。

iwd デーモンを実行したら (iwd.service を起動・有効化)、iwctl コマンドを使って制御することができます。

iwctl

To get an interactive prompt do:

$ iwctl

The interactive prompt is then displayed with a prefix of [iwd]#.

ヒント:

• In the iwctl prompt you can auto-complete commands and device names by hitting Tab.
• To exit the interactive prompt, send EOF by pressing Ctrl+d.
• You can use all commands as command line arguments without entering an interactive prompt. For example: iwctl device wlan0 show.

To list all available commands:

[iwd]# help

Connect to a network

First, if you do not know your wireless device name, list all Wi-Fi devices:

[iwd]# device list

Then, to scan for networks:

[iwd]# station device scan

You can then list all available networks:

[iwd]# station device get-networks

Finally, to connect to a network:

[iwd]# station device connect SSID

ヒント: The user interface supports autocomplete, by typing station and Tab Tab, the available devices are displayed, type the first letters of the device and Tab to complete. The same way, type connect and Tab Tab in order to have the list of available networks displayed. Then, type the first letters of the chosen network followed by Tab in order to complete the command.

If a passphrase is required, you will be prompted to enter it. Alternatively, you can supply it as a command line argument:

$ iwctl --passphrase passphrase station device connect SSID

ノート:

• iwd automatically stores network passphrases in the /var/lib/iwd directory and uses them to auto-connect in the future. See #Network configuration.
• To connect to a network with spaces in the SSID, the network name should be double quoted when connecting.
• iwd only supports PSK pass-phrases from 8 to 63 ASCII-encoded characters. The following error message will be given if the requirements are not met: PMK generation failed. Ensure Crypto Engine is properly configured.

Connect to a network using WPS/WSC

If your network is configured such that you can connect to it by pressing a button (Wikipedia:Wi-Fi Protected Setup), check first that your network device is also capable of using this setup procedure.

[iwd]# wsc list

Then, provided that your device appeared in the above list,

[iwd]# wsc device push-button

and push the button on your router. The procedure works also if the button was pushed beforehand, less than 2 minutes earlier.

If your network requires to validate a PIN number to connect that way, check the help command output to see how to provide the right options to the wsc command.

Disconnect from a network

To disconnect from a network:

[iwd]# station device disconnect

Show device and connection information

To display the details of a WiFi device, like MAC address:

[iwd]# device device show

To display the connection state, including the connected network of a Wi-Fi device:

[iwd]# station device show

Manage known networks

To list networks you have connected to previously:

[iwd]# known-networks list

To forget a known network:

[iwd]# known-networks SSID forget

Network configuration

By default, iwd stores the network configuration in the directory /var/lib/iwd. The configuration file is named as network.type, where network is the network SSID and .type is the network type, either .open, .wep, .psk or .8021x. The file is used to store the encrypted PreSharedKey and optionally the cleartext Passphrase and can also be created by the user without invoking iwctl. The file can be used for other configuration pertaining to that network SSID as well. For more settings, see iwd.network(5).

WPA-PSK

A minimal example file to connect to a WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK secured network with SSID "spaceship" and passphrase "test1234":

/var/lib/iwd/spaceship.psk

[Security]
PreSharedKey=aafb192ce2da24d8c7805c956136f45dd612103f086034c402ed266355297295

ノート: The SSID of the network is used as a filename only when it contains only alphanumeric characters or one of - _. If it contains any other characters, the name will instead be an =-character followed by the hex-encoded version of the SSID.

To calculate the presharedkey from the passphrase, one of these two methods can be used:

• Enter the passphrase in cleartext in the configuration file:

/var/lib/iwd/spaceship.psk

[Security]
Passphrase=test1234

The presharedkey will be appended to the file at the first connect:

/var/lib/iwd/spaceship.psk

[Security]
Passphrase=test1234
PreSharedKey=aafb192ce2da24d8c7805c956136f45dd612103f086034c402ed266355297295

• Or the presharedkey can be calculated from the SSID and the passphrase using wpa_passphrase (from wpa_supplicant) or wpa-psk^AUR. See wpa_supplicant#Connecting with wpa_passphrase for more details.

WPA Enterprise

EAP-PWD

EAP-PWD で保護されたエンタープライズアクセスポイントに接続するには /var/lib/iwd フォルダに以下の内容で essid.8021x という名前のファイルを作成する必要があります:

/var/lib/iwd/essid.8021x

[Security]
EAP-Method=PWD
EAP-Identity=your_enterprise_email
EAP-Password=your_password

[Settings]
AutoConnect=True

アクセスポイントに自動接続したくない場合、Autoconnect オプションを False に設定して iwctl で手動でアクセスポイントに接続してください。パスワードを平文で保存したくない場合は、ファイルからパスワードの設定を外してください。

EAP-PEAP

Like EAP-PWD, you also need to create a essid.8021x in the folder. Before you proceed to write the configuration file, this is also a good time to find out which CA certificate your organization uses. For MSCHAPv2 to work you also need to install ppp. Please see MS-CHAPv2 for more infos. This is an example configuration file that uses MSCHAPv2 password authentication:

/var/lib/iwd/essid.8021x

[Security]
EAP-Method=PEAP
EAP-Identity=anonymous@realm.edu
EAP-PEAP-CACert=/path/to/root.crt
EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask=radius.realm.edu
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Method=MSCHAPV2
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Identity=johndoe@realm.edu
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Password=hunter2

[Settings]
AutoConnect=true

ヒント: If you are planning on using eduroam, see also #Eduroam.

TTLS-PAP

Like EAP-PWD, you also need to create a essid.8021x in the folder. Before you proceed to write the configuration file, this is also a good time to find out which CA certificate your organization uses. This is an example configuration file that uses PAP password authentication:

/var/lib/iwd/essid.8021x

[Security]
EAP-Method=TTLS
EAP-Identity=anonymous@uni-test.de
EAP-TTLS-CACert=cert.pem
EAP-TTLS-ServerDomainMask=*.uni-test.de
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Method=Tunneled-PAP
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Identity=user
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Password=password

[Settings]
AutoConnect=true

Eduroam

Eduroam offers a configuration assistant tool (CAT), which unfortunately does not support iwd. However, the installer, which you can download by clicking on the download button then selecting your university, is just a Python script. It is easy to extract the necessary configuration options, including the certificate and server domain mask.

The following table contains a mapping of iwd configuration options to eduroam CAT install script variables.

Iwd Configuration Option	CAT Script Variable
file name	one of Config.ssids
EAP-Method	Config.eap_outer
EAP-Identity	Config.anonymous_identity
EAP-PEAP-CACert	Config.CA
EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask	one of Config.servers
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Method	Config.eap_inner
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Identity	username@Config.user_realm

ノート:

• EAP-Identity may not be required by your Eduroam provider, in which case you can use anonymous in this field.
• If your EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask starts with DNS:, use only the part after DNS:.

Other cases

More example tests can be found in the test cases of the upstream repository.

任意設定

メインの設定は /etc/iwd/main.conf ファイルで行います。

ネットワーク (SSID) の設定は /var/lib/iwd ディレクトリを使用します。

特定のネットワークで自動接続を無効化

/var/lib/iwd/network.type ファイルを作成・編集してください (network はネットワークの SSID に、type は "open", "wep", "psk", "8021x" のどれかのネットワークタイプに置き換えてください)。そしてファイルに以下のセクションを追加してください:

/var/lib/iwd/spaceship.psk

[Settings]
Autoconnect=false

Disable periodic scan for available networks

By default when iwd is in disconnected state, it periodically scans for available networks. To disable periodic scan (so as to always scan manually), create / edit file /etc/iwd/main.conf and add the following section to it:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[Scan]
DisablePeriodicScan=true

Enable built-in network configuration

Since version 0.19, iwd can assign IP address(es) and set up routes using a built-in DHCP client or with static configuration. It is a good alternative to standalone DHCP clients.

To activate iwd's network configuration feature, create/edit /etc/iwd/main.conf and add the following section to it:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[General]
EnableNetworkConfiguration=true

There is also ability to set route metric with RoutePriorityOffset:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[Network]
RoutePriorityOffset=300

IPv6 support

Since version 1.10, iwd supports IPv6, but it is disabled by default. To enable it, add the following to the configuration file:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[Network]
EnableIPv6=true

This setting is required whether you want to use DHCPv6 or static IPv6 configuration. It can also be set on a per-network basis.

Setting static IP address in network configuration

Add the following section to /var/lib/iwd/network.type file. For example:

/var/lib/iwd/spaceship.psk

[IPv4]
Address=192.168.1.10
Netmask=255.255.255.0
Gateway=192.168.1.1
Broadcast=192.168.1.255
DNS=192.168.1.1

Select DNS manager

At the moment, iwd supports two DNS managers—systemd-resolved and resolvconf.

Add the following section to /etc/iwd/main.conf for systemd-resolved:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[Network]
NameResolvingService=systemd

For resolvconf:

/etc/iwd/main.conf

[Network]
NameResolvingService=resolvconf

コンソール (ローカル) ユーザーが設定を変えられないようにする

デフォルトでは iwd の D-Bus インターフェイスは (たとえユーザーが "root" でなくても) 誰でも iwd デーモンに接続して設定を変更できるようになっています。

コンソールユーザーが設定を編集できないようにしたい場合、以下のように D-Bus 設定ファイルを作成してください:

/etc/dbus-1/system.d/iwd-strict.conf

<!-- prevent local users from changing iwd settings, but allow
     reading status information. overrides some part of
     /usr/share/dbus-1/system.d/iwd-dbus.conf. -->

<!-- This configuration file specifies the required security policies
     for iNet Wireless Daemon to work. -->

<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
 "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>

  <policy at_console="true">
    <deny send_destination="net.connman.iwd"/>
    <allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd" send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties" send_member="GetAll" />
    <allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd" send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties" send_member="Get" />
    <allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd" send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager" send_member="GetManagedObjects" />
    <allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd" send_interface="net.connman.iwd.Device" send_member="RegisterSignalLevelAgent" />
    <allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd" send_interface="net.connman.iwd.Device" send_member="UnregisterSignalLevelAgent" />
  </policy>

</busconfig>

ヒント: <allow> 行を削除するとネットワークの状態を読み出すこともできなくなります。

Troubleshooting

Verbose TLS debugging

This can be useful, if you have trouble setting up MSCHAPv2 or TTLS. You can set the following environment variable via a drop-in snippet:

/etc/systemd/system/iwd.service.d/tls-debug.conf

[Service]
Environment=IWD_TLS_DEBUG=TRUE

Check the iwd logs afterwards via journalctl -u iwd.service

Connect issues after reboot

A low entropy pool can cause connection problems in particular noticeable after reboot. See Random number generation for suggestions to increase the entropy pool.

Wireless device is not renamed by udev

Since version 1.0, iwd disables predictable renaming of wireless device. It installs the following systemd network link configuration file which prevents udev from renaming the interface to wlp#s#:

/usr/lib/systemd/network/80-iwd.link

[Match]
Type=wlan

[Link]
NamePolicy=keep kernel

As a result the wireless link name wlan# is kept after boot. This resolved a race condition between iwd and udev on interface renaming as explained in iwd udev interface renaming.

If this results in issues try masking it with:

# ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/80-iwd.link

参照

• Getting Started with iwd
• More examples for Enterprise WPA