Spacemacs

Spacemacs は Emacs をベースに Vim のキーバインドを組み合わせて作られた、拡張性・カスタマイズ性の高いテキストエディタです。プロジェクトの目標は Vim と Emacs エディタそれぞれから長所を抽出して統合することです。Spacemacs ディストリビューションはコミュニティ主導の Emacs 設定を元にしています。デフォルトの Emacs の挙動を拡張しており大量の追加機能が存在します。

インストール

Emacs のインストール

Spacemacs は Emacs 上で作られているため、先に Emacs のインストールが必要です。emacs パッケージをインストールしてください。

既存の Emacs 設定をバックアップ (任意)

既に Emacs を使っている場合、設定をバックアップしてください:

$ mv ~/.emacs.d ~/.emacs.d.bak && mv ~/.emacs ~/.emacs.bak

Spacemacs のインストール

Spacemacs をインストールするには GitHub から設定を複製して Emacs の設定を完全に置き換える必要があります:

$ git clone https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs ~/.emacs.d

ノート: 上記のコマンドはユーザーアカウントから実行してください。

Adobe Source Pro フォントのインストール (任意)

Spacemacs が使用するデフォルトフォントは Adobe の Source Code Pro です。Spacemacs を使用するときはフォントをインストールすることが推奨されています。adobe-source-code-pro-fonts パッケージをインストールしてください。

フォントが存在しない場合、他のフォントが使われます。

Spacemacs の初期設定

Spacemacs を起動してください:

$ emacs

最初にインストールする機能について質問されます。選択は必須です。選択によって Spacemacs の挙動やホットキーが変わります。Enter を押してデフォルトの値を使うことを推奨します。デフォルト設定は高度に最適化されており後で自由に変えることもできます。

ヒント: 大抵の場合、デフォルトパッケージが機能を多めに提供しますが、場合によっては他のパッケージを使用するほうが便利なときもあります (性能面や特殊な機能など)。

質問を終えると、Spacemacs は必要なパッケージをダウンロード・インストールします。数分はかかります。Spacemacs がフリーズしているかのように見えるかもしれませんが、問題はありません。

Spacemacs の実行

spacemacs を起動するには:

$ emacs

下のバーに '...' が表示されなくなったら Spacemacs を使用できます。

ノート: 起動に10秒以上かかる場合、下のトラブルシューティングを見てください。

デーモンモード

Spacemacs はデーモンモードで起動することもできます。デーモンモードはエディタを一度だけ初期化して、後から設定ファイルを再読込することなく接続して使うことが可能です。巨大な設定ファイルを使っている場合、初期化が一度だけですむので便利です。初期化してしまえばすぐに接続することができます。

デーモンモードで Spacemacs を起動するには:

$ emacs --daemon=instance1

emacsclient を使って instance1 に接続できます:

$ emacsclient -nc -s instance1

ヒント: 名前を異なるものにすることでデーモンを複数起動することもできます。

使用方法

最初 Spacemacs は多少使いづらいかもしれません (特に初心者にとっては)。しかしながら、努力は報われます。基本的な作業をこなすのに覚えておく必要があることはほんの少しです。

:q[Enter] と打ち込むことでいつでも spacemacs を終了できます。

ビルトインチュートリアル

Spacemacs で SPC h T と押すことでいつでも Spacemacs に組み込まれているチュートリアルを立ち上げることができます。

基本概念

準備

In order to explain the basic concepts we need some text to play with. Let's generate it first. Please, don't mind if the commands are unclear right now, you don't need to know them at moment.

1. Run Spacemacs
2. Press SPC b N to create new empty buffer
3. Press 9 SPC i l l to insert some text

You should see a nine lines of generated text in result. Use them to experiment with the commands described in the next sections.

ノート: When the SPC key sequence is used, you need to press keys one after another. So you press SPACE key, followed by b, followed by N. Uppercase letters should be entered with shift key, for example N is Shift+n. So the final sequence would be SPACE, b, Shift+n

ヒント: When you press SPC key, help menu appears in the bottom. You can inspect possible commands there.

Now we can move closer to concept named states.

エディタステート

The major difference between Spacemacs and regular text editor is states. Each state changes the way how the editor works. For example, there is an insert state, where you able to enter text (like in a regular text editor), and there is a normal state, where all your keypresses are used as commands, and doesn't change the actual text. Only one state can be active at the time. Switching between the states is the key skill to use Spacemacs successfully.

Current editor state is displayed in a left bottom corner. It have a form of colored rectangle with text "1" (by default). The color describes the current state. There are a lot of states, but only a few of them are used regularly:

• Orange. This is normal state. Used for entering commands and text navigation.
• Green. This is insert state. Used for a text input.
• Grey. This is visual state. Used for selecting chunks of text and controlling them.

You can also check the cursor color for the current state.

ノート: In order to use Spacemacs you will need to know at least normal and insert state.

ノーマルステート

Normal state is used for text navigation and running commands. You can't directly enter text in this mode. Instead, you able to quickly navigate and make any sort of corrections there. Normal state is default state, and it has orange color.

You can always return to normal state by pressing ESC key or fd key sequence if you accidentally leave it.

ノート:

• 以下に記載しているコマンドは全てではありません。他にもたくさんコマンドが存在します。ドキュメントを確認して有用なコマンドを探してください。
• 誰もが最初はコマンドを知りません。使っていくうちに慣れていきます。最初に何かするときに必要なコマンドは限られています。

移動

以下のキーを使うことで基本的な移動が可能です:

• h - 1文字分だけ左にカーソルを移動
• j - 1文字分だけ下にカーソルを移動
• k - 1文字分だけ上にカーソルを移動
• l - 1文字分だけ右にカーソルを移動

It's also possible to navigate between the words or even sentences with single key:

• w - move to next word (beginning)
• b - move to previous word (beginning)
• ( - move to the beginning of current sentence
• ) - move to the beginning of next sentence
• ^ - move to beginning of line
• $ - move to the end of line

To scroll the pages, use the following commands:

• Ctrl+f - move one page down
• Ctrl+b - move one page up
• gg - goto first line of the document
• G - goto last line of the document

You can also use numbers with commands, so they would repeat n times:

• 5j - move cursor five lines down
• 7w - move cursor seven words forward
• 3 Ctrl+f - move three pages down
• 20gg - move cursor to line with number 20

ヒント: Numeric arguments are widely used in Spacemacs world.

There are a lot of commands uncovered. Basicaly, you can navigate between everything in Spacemacs, thanks to Vim-like flow. Check the additional resources to get the details.

テキスト操作

以下のコマンドでテキストを編集することができます:

• x - cut the symbol under cursor
• dw - cut the word under cursor
• dd - cut the line under cursor
• yw - copy (yank) the word under cursor
• yd - copy (yank) the line under cursor
• p - paste copied/cut text
• ra - replace the symbol under cursor to a

You can also use numeric arguments there.

アンドゥ/リドゥ

You can undo and redo changes with the following commands:

• u - undo last change
• Ctrl+r - redo last change

挿入ステート

Insert state is used for the text input. It's very closed to regular editor behavior. However, the ability to modify text is limited. You will need to switch back to the normal state in order to make corrections. The color of insert state is green.

挿入ステートに移行

To enter the insert state, press i from the normal state. Your cursor will changed to thin and green one. Now you can type something. When you ready, just leave the insert state by pressing ESC key or fd key sequence.

There are a lot of ways to enter insert mode. The difference, however, is only related to initial cursor position. It would be enough to know just i hotkey for the first time. But there are also the others, and they will be very useful when you master them:

• i - enter insert mode before the cursor
• a - enter insert mode after the cursor
• I - enter insert mode at the beginning of the line
• A - enter insert mode at the end of the line
• o - enter insert mode at next line
• O - enter insert mode at previous line

挿入ステートから離脱

To leave the insert state press ESC key or fd key sequence. You will return to normal state and cursor will change to orange.

ビジュアルステート

This state used for visual text selection. It allows to select text chunks and cut/copy them. The state color is grey.

To enter visual state press v hotkey from the normal mode. Then you can navigate around using normal mode hotkeys with only one difference: text selection. Cursor movements would select text, based on initial cursor position, and you can yank (copy) or delete it later. Remember, that you can use commands like ve or v( to quickly select words or sentences. Check the Normal state: Navigation section to get the idea.

You can also press V to quickly select the whole line.

ビジュアルブロックステート

Visual block state is more powerful version of visual state. It allows to select text in columns. It's similar to multi-cursor concept on regular editors and IDEs. This state can be entered by pressing Ctrl+v hotkey. Then you can navigate with h j k l keys to see the difference.

There a lot of stuff that can be done in visual block state. Refer to the additional resources for this information. This feature is called vim visual block mode in origin.

バッファ (タブ)

The text in Spacemacs located in the areas called buffers. They are very similar to regular editor tabs. You can switch between the buffers and create new ones. Buffers are also used by editor itself by storing some information you can inspect later.

操作

To show the list of the current buffers press SPC b b. You will see a new window at the bottom. This is a place you can inspect, filter, and navigate buffers. Some buffers already exist there, like *Messages* and *scratch*. They created by the editor and contain some useful information.

The first thing you can do with the bottom window is to type anything into pattern field. This will filter buffers. If there are no buffers left after the filtering, you can create new one instead, just pressing "Enter" after your input. New buffer will be created and opened.

You can also open any buffer by hand. Press Ctrl+j or Ctrl+k to navigate between the lines. Then press Ctrl+l or Enter to confirm your choice. Selected buffer will be opened.

ヒント: Remember h j k l keys? They are widely used for navigation. In some cases we need to use modifier keys like Ctrl. That allows to input and navigate at the same time.

You can also use some hotkeys from normal state to control buffers:

• SPC b b - list buffers
• SPC TAB - switch to last viewed buffer
• SPC b n - switch to next buffer (one forward)
• SPC b p - switch to previous buffer (one backward)
• SPC f s - save current buffer
• SPC b d - close current buffer

ヒント: If you want to save a new buffer, you should choose a file for it. Refer to the next section for details.

ファイル

Spacemacs provides a two options for file navigation: inline navigation and build-in file manager. Inline navigation is used in Spacemacs confirmation dialogs and it's very similar to the shell one. Build-in file manager is more user-friendly and allows to check the file details. Learning the basics of each is the essential key of mastering Spacemacs.

There also advanced options available, like more powerful file manager and file tree. They are covered in Advanced section.

インライン (Helm)

Inline navigation available with SPC f f hotkey. It uses the window very similar to buffer-navigation one. You can filter and select files there. Just type anything to narrow results, or press Ctrl+j or Ctrl+k for moving the line down and up. Press Ctrl+l to open file or directory, and press Ctrl+h for going backward. Press TAB to autocomplete the input.

ファイルマネージャ (Dired)

If you need more visual method, run built-in file manager by pressing SPC a d Enter. You can navigate, using Ctrl+h j k l keys, and press Enter to enter directories and open files.

There are some hotkeys available (refer to dired documentation for more):

• q - quit dired
• R - rename file
• C - copy file
• + - create new directory

ヒント: If you need more powerful file manager, check Ranger in Advanced section. It provides more features and can be the best replacement for Dired when you master it.

上級概念

At this step you are able to open files, make changes and save them successfully. Half the way is done, and now you can choose what to master next. There are some sections you may be interested.

レイヤー

One of the strongest features of Spacemacs is layers. Layer is a set of packages and configuration options, that greatly extends editor functionality in some way. There are layers for different programming languages, for example, or layers, providing additional tools (like IRC messaging, or integrated web browser). The full list of layers can be found at Layers documentation page.

Some layers are already shipped with Spacemacs, the others can be added manually. To do this, open Spacemacs configuration file (SPC f e d), and find dotspacemacs-configuration-layers section there. Then simply add selected layer to the list and restart Spacemacs. It will download all the required files on the next start.

Spacemacs will also offer you to install a new layer when you open a file with already-known extension. For example, if you open .html file, installation of html layer will be offered.

You can customize layer behaviour by overriding some layer-specific variables in your Spacemacs configuration file. Check the appropriate layer documentation to get the details.

ファイル操作

There are some additional tools for file navigation. They may greatly increase the way you use Spacemacs on a daily basis.

ファイルツリー (Neotree)

You can run file tree by pressing SPC f t. New window opens, accessible with SPC 0. Standard h j k l navigation is available there. You can change root folder with R and toggle hidden files with s. Create new files with c and rename the old ones with r. Check Neotree documentation for the details.

ヒント: If you need to change the root to higher one, just press R while on the current root path (first line of the window). Inline file navigation opens, just go backward with H as far as you need and select . directory then

ファイルマネージャ (Ranger)

If you need a full-featured file manager then Ranger may be the best choice. A lot of useful features are available there, like an instant h j k l navigation, inline file preview and ability to manipulate files. It also improves default Dired behaviour (SPC a d) a bit. Install ranger layer and run it with SPC a r. Check Ranger documentation for the details. Along with customization options, there are a lot of useful hotkeys.

ノート: If you have issues opening Ranger, try to close Neotree first

ウィンドウ

Spacemacs allows you to split the screen into the separate windows. Each window has a personal number and can be accessed with SPC n hotkey, where the n is a selected number. Windows can be splitted individually, so it gives an ability to create complex layouts.

Some of windows hotkeys are presented below. Check the inline help (SPC w) to get more.

• SPC w 3 - focus window with number 3
• SPC w s - split window horizontally
• SPC w v - split window vertically
• SPC w d - delete window
• SPC w u - undo last window action
• SPC w m - toggle window fullscreen
• SPC w . - enter window transient state

ヒント: Transient state allows you to play with window settings, like their order and proportions. Just enter it and all the available options will be displayed.

トラブルシューティング

起動が遅い

起動時間が10秒を超える場合、おそらく exec-path-from-shell モジュールが原因です。Linux 環境では無効化しても問題ありません。以下の手順に従ってください:

1. SPC f e d を押して Spacemacs の設定ファイルを開いてください。
2. dotspacemacs-excluded-packages セクションを探してください。
3. exec-path-from-shell モジュールを追加して、最後のエントリが dotspacemacs-excluded-packages '(exec-path-from-shell) となるようにしてください。
4. SPC f s で変更を保存して Spacemacs を再起動してください。