ディスクのクローンのソースを表示

[[Category:データ圧縮とアーカイブ]]
[[Category:システムリカバリ]]
[[en:Disk cloning]]
[[it:Disk Cloning]]
[[ru:Disk cloning]]
[[tr:Disk_klonlama]]
[[zh-cn:Disk cloning]]
ディスクのクローンとはパーティションやハードドライブ全体のイメージを作成することを言います。[[バックアッププログラム|バックアップ]]や[[ファイルリカバリ|リカバリ]]用に他のコンピューターにドライブをコピーするのに役立ちます。

== dd を使う ==

The dd command is a simple, yet versatile and powerful tool. It can be used to copy from source to destination, block-by-block, regardless of their filesystem types or operating systems. A convenient method is to use dd from a live environment, as in a livecd.

{{Warning|
* This paragraph used to contain several errors that misrepresented the inner workings of the dd command. I tried to fix them, but YMMV.
* As with any command of this type, you should be very cautious when using it; it can destroy data. Remember the order of input file ({{ic|1=if=}}) and output file ({{ic|1=of=}}) and do not reverse them! Always ensure that the destination drive or partition ({{ic|1=of=}}) is of equal or greater size than the source ({{ic|1=if=}}).
}}

=== パーティションのクローン ===

From physical disk /dev/sda, partition 1, to physical disk /dev/sdb, partition 1.
 # dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512 conv=noerror,sync

{{Warning|If output file {{ic|1=of=}} (sdb1 in the example) does not exist, dd will create a file with this name and will start filling up your root file system.}}

=== ハードディスク全体のクローン ===

From physical disk /dev/sda to physical disk /dev/sdb
 # dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=512 conv=noerror,sync

This will clone the entire drive, including MBR (and therefore bootloader), all partitions, UUIDs, and data.
* {{ic|noerror}} instructs dd to continue operation, ignoring all read errors. Default behavior for dd is to halt at any error. 
* {{ic|sync}} fills input blocks with zeroes if there were any read errors, so data offsets stay in sync.
* {{ic|1=bs=512}} sets the block size to 512 bytes, the "classic" block size for hard drives. If and only if your hard drives have a 4K block size, you may use "4096" instead of "512". Also, please read the warning below, because there is more to this than just "block sizes" - it also influences how read errors propagate.

{{Warning|The block size you specify influences how read errors are handled. Read below.}}

The dd utility technically has an "input block size" (IBS) and an "output block size" (OBS). When you set {{ic|bs}}, you effectively set both IBS and OBS. Normally, if your block size is, say, 1M, dd will read 1M bytes and write 1M bytes. But if a read error occurs, things will go wrong. Many people seem to think that dd will "fill up read errors with zeroes" if you use the {{ic|noerror,sync}} options, but this is not what happens. dd will, according to documentation, fill up the OBS to IBS size, which means adding zeroes at the end of the block. This means, for a disk, that effectively the whole 1M would become messed up because of a single 512 byte read error in the beginning of the read: ERROR6789 would become 678900000 instead of 000006789.

If you are positive that your disk does not contain any errors, you could proceed using a larger block size, which will increase the speed of your copying manyfold. For example, changing bs from 512 to 64K changed copying speed from 35MB/s to 120MB/s on a simple Celeron 2.7GHz system. But keep in mind, that read errors on the source disk will end up as ''block errors'' on the destination disk, i.e. a single 512 bytes read error will mess up the whole 64k output block.

{{Tip|If you would like to view dd progressing, you can send it a {{ic|USR1}} signal. {{ic|pidof dd}} will tell you the PID of dd, then use {{ic|kill -USR1}}. In one line: {{ic|kill -USR1 $(pidof dd)}}.}}

{{Note|
* To regain unique UUIDs, use "tune2fs /dev/sdbX -U random" on every partitions. (works for ext* file systems only)
* Partition table changes from dd are not registered by the kernel. To notify of changes without rebooting, use a utility like partprobe (part of GNU parted).
}}

=== MBR のバックアップ ===

The MBR is stored in the the first 512 bytes of the disk. It consist of 3 parts:

# The first 446 bytes contain the boot loader.
# The next 64 bytes contain the partition table (4 entries of 16 bytes each, one entry for each primary partition).
# The last 2 bytes contain an identifier

To save the MBR into the file "mbr.img":
 # dd if=/dev/hda of=/mnt/sda1/mbr.img bs=512 count=1

To restore (be careful: this could destroy your existing partition table and with it access to all data on the disk):
 # dd if=/mnt/sda1/mbr.img of=/dev/hda

If you only want to restore the boot loader, but not the primary partition table entries, just restore the first 446 bytes of the MBR: 
 # dd if=/mnt/sda1/mbr.img of=/dev/hda bs=446 count=1

To restore only the partition table, one must use 
 # dd if=/mnt/sda1/mbr.img of=/dev/hda bs=1 skip=446 count=64

You can also get the MBR from a full dd disk image.
 # dd if=/path/to/disk.img of=/mnt/sda1/mbr.img bs=512 count=1

=== ディスクイメージの作成 ===

1. Boot from a liveCD or liveUSB.

2. Make sure no partitions are mounted from the source hard drive.

3. Mount the external HD

4. Backup the drive. 
 # dd if=/dev/hda conv=sync,noerror bs=64K | gzip -c  > /mnt/sda1/hda.img.gz

If necessary (e.g. when the format of the external HD is FAT32) split the disk image in volumes (see also split man pages).

 # dd if=/dev/hda conv=sync,noerror bs=64K | gzip -c | split -a3 -b2G - /mnt/sda1/hda.img.gz

5. Save extra information about the drive geometry necessary in order to interpret the partition table stored within the image. The most important of which is the cylinder size. 
 # fdisk -l /dev/hda > /mnt/sda1/hda_fdisk.info

{{Note|1=You may wish to use a block size (bs=) that is equal to the amount of cache on the HD you are backing up. For example, bs=8192K works for an 8MB cache. The 64K mentioned in this article is better than the default bs=512 bytes, but it will run faster with a larger bs=.}}

=== システムのリストア ===

システムをリストアするには:
 # gunzip -c /mnt/sda1/hda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/hda

もしくはイメージが複数のボリュームに分かれている場合:
 # cat /mnt/sda1/hda.img.gz* | gunzip -c | dd of=/dev/hda

=== 圧縮 ===

When you need to create the hard drive or a single partition compressed backup image file you must use compression tools which can do backup from a ''stdout'' and the ''dd'' command. Those compressed files cannot be mounted by the ''mount'' command but are useful to know how to create and restore them.

==== 7zip ====

Install the {{Pkg|p7zip}} package from the [[official repositories]].
This backup example will split the ''dd'' command output in the files by up to the 100 megabyte each:
 dd if=/dev/sdXY | 7z a -v100m -t7z -si image-file.7z

Restore with 7zip:
 7z x -so  image-file.7z | dd of=/dev/sdXY
{{Note|7zip can split only the ''7z'' compression type files}}

==== Zip ====

Install the {{Pkg|zip}} package from the [[official repositories]], which contains ''zipsplit'' among other utilities for the management of zip archives.
It will create a file with "-" name inside the image-file.zip file which will contain data from the ''dd'' command output. To make a raw output of the file you can use the {{ic|-cp}} option with ''unzip'' in stdout for the ''dd'' command.
Backup:
 dd if=/dev/sdXY | zip --compression-method bzip2  image-file.zip - 

Restore:
 unzip -cp image-file.zip | dd of=/dev/sdXY

The ''zip'' tool cannot split files on the fly but you can use the {{ic|zipsplit}} utility on an already created file.

See also {{ic|man zip}} for more information.

==== Rar ====

Install the {{Aur|rar}} package from the [[AUR]].

{{Warning| The ''rar'' examples were made based on the manuals, please confirm!}}

This should do a backup and split the creating file on the fly in by up to 150 megabyte files each.
 dd if=/dev/sdXY | rar a -v150m -siimage-file.rar

This should restore
 unrar x -p image-file.rar | dd of=/dev/sdXY

or you can use the ''rar'' instead of the {{Pkg|unrar}} utility. The unrar utility is available in the official repositories and can be installed with {{ic|pacman -S unrar}}.

==== Bzip2 ====

Creation by using the ''dd'' is more safe and use to be error free:

{{hc|<nowiki>dd if=/dev/sdXY | bzip2 -f5 > compressedfile.bzip2</nowiki>|
937016+0 records in
937016+0 records out
479752192 bytes (480 MB) copied, 94.7002 s, 5.1 MB/s
}}

And a safe way of restoring with combination of the ''dd'':
 $ bunzip2 -dc compressedfile.bzip2 | dd of=/dev/sdXY

or
 $ bzcat compressedfile.bzip2 | dd of=/dev/sdXY

{{Warning|Never ever use the {{ic|bzip2  -kdc imgage.bzip2 > /dev/sdXY}} and {{ic|bzip2  -kc /dev/sdXY > imgage.bzip2}} methods for serious backup of partitions and disks. The errors might be due the end of the device or partition and the restore process gives also errors due the truncated end.
}}

== cp を使う ==

The cp program can be used to clone a disk, one partition at a time. An advantage to using cp is that the filesystem type of the destination partition(s) may be the same or different than the source. For safety, perform the process from a live environment.

{{Note|This method should not be considered in the same category as disk cloning on the level at which dd operates.  Also, it has been reported that even with the '''-a''' flag, some extended attributes may not be copied.  For better results, rsync or tar should be used.}}

The basic procedure from a live environment will be:
* Create the new destination partition(s) using fdisk, cfdisk or other tools available in the live environment.
* Create a filesystem on each of the newly created partitions. Example:
 mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
* Mount the source and destination partitions. Example:
 mount -t ext3 /dev/sda1 /mnt/source
 mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/destination
* Copy the files from the source partition to the destination 
 cp -a /mnt/source/* /mnt/destination
'''-a''': preserve all attributes, never follow symbolic links and copy recursively 
* Change the mount points of the newly cloned partitions in /etc/fstab accordingly
* Finally, install the GRUB bootloader if necessary. (See [[GRUB]])

== ディスククローンソフトウェア ==

=== Arch でディスククローン ===

* [[Partclone|Partclone]] provides utilities to save and restore used blocks on a partition and supports ext2, ext3, ext4, hfs+, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, vmfs3, vmfs5, xfs, jfs, ufs, ntfs, fat(12/16/32) and exfat. Optionally, a ncurses interface can be used. Partclone is available in the community repository.
* [http://www.partimage.org/ Partimage], an ncurses program, is available in the community repos. Partimage does not currently support ext4 or btrfs filesystems. NTFS is experimental.

=== Arch の外からディスククローン ===

If you wish to backup or propagate your Arch install root, you are probably better off booting into something else and clone the partition from there. Some suggestions:

* [http://partedmagic.com/doku.php?id=start PartedMagic] has a very nice live cd/usb with PartImage and other recovery tools.
* [http://www.mondorescue.org/ Mindi] is a linux distribution specifically for disk clone backup. It comes with its own cloning program, Mondo Rescue.
* [[wikipedia:Acronis_True_Image|Acronis True Image]] is a commercial disk cloner for Windows. It allows you to create a live (from within Windows), so you do not need a working Windows install on the actual machine to use it. After registration of the Acronis software on their website, you will be able to download a Linux based Live cd and/or plugins for BartPE for creation of the Windows based live cd. It can also create a WinPE Live CD based on Windows. The created ISO Live CD image by Acronis doesn't have the [http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/Isohybrid hybrid boot] ability and cannot be written to USB storage as a raw file.
* [http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page FSArchiver] allows you to save the contents of a file system to a compressed archive file. Can be found on the [http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page System Rescue CD].
* [http://clonezilla.org/ Clonezilla] is an enhanced partition imager which can also restore entire disks as well as partitions. Clonezilla is included on the Arch Linux installation media.
* [http://redobackup.org/ Redo Backup and Recovery ] is a Live CD featuring a graphical front-end to partclone.

== 参照 ==

* [[Wikipedia:List of disk cloning software]]
* [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=4329 Arch Linux forum thread]