ヘルプ:効果的な見出し

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記事の見出しについて

Headers mark the start of a new section. Sections may be organized in a tree form with some sections nested within other sections. To reflect the section structure, headers may be formatted differently. Sections and corresponding headers are divided into levels depending on their place relative to other sections.

この記事で使用する用語

A section that is contained within another section is said to be of a lower level than its container (or parent). Therefore the parent is of a higher level.

Each header with the text spanning to the next header of the same level is called a heading.

Headings have numbers that describe their level in the tree. Higher level headings have lower numbers, and vice versa. For example, the article's title on ArchWiki is heading level 1.

見出しの使用

Headers and headings serve a couple of important purposes:

they slow readers down for better absorption of information
they group parts of the article into logical units
they mark important pieces of text

読者の足を止めさせる

When presenting your topic to readers, you must know that it takes some time to read even through shortest articles. A header may serve as a buffer to slow down the reader before reading the following section. This slow-down allows the reader to think about the content and prepare him/herself for the following text.

パラグラフをサブトピックにまとめる

Most of the time, your article will not treat just one topic, and you will need to visit some more or less related topics in order to explain and expand your main topic. Such visits may be confusing when a reader is trying to scan through the article. Therefore, you need to signal for such deviations.

重要な部分を目立たせる

Sometimes, readers just want to look through the table of contents (TOC) in order to identify parts of the article that are of special interest. They may also do so by looking at the headers themselves. In both cases, clearly defined headers serve the purpose of quick identification of important sections of your article. Moreover, TOC is created by automatically listing the headings in your article.

見出しと目次

A table of contents for an article is created automatically when more than two headers are defined. In order to hide the TOC, you may include a line with the following code anywhere in your article:

__NOTOC__

見出しのレベルについて

There are some important things to note when talking about heading levels.

重要性が等価なら同じレベルの見出しを使う

This may sound self-explanatory, but it is not quite as straightforward as it seems. Consider this example:

Introduction
Step 1: Installing X
Step 2: Editing keyboard settings
Step 3: Editing mouse settings
Step 4: Editing display settings
Step 5: Adding fglrx options
Step 6: Starting X
Conclusions

If you carefully analyze this list, you will notice that steps 2 to 4 are actually of less significance than steps 1 and 6, and that step 5 is of least significance. This is not to say that all those steps have more or less text than the others. It is the conceptual significance that is important.

To amend this, we will modify the headings like so:

Introduction
Step 1: Installing X
Step 2: Configuring X
- Step 2a: Editing keyboard settings
- Step 2b: Editing mouse settings
- Step 2c: Editing display settings
  - Step 2c-1: Adding fglrx options
Step 3: Starting X
Conclusions

As you can see, we have merged steps 2 to 4 into a single heading titled Configuring X, and divided the heading into 3 subheadings. Also, we have attached the step 5 to step 2c, and turned it into a subheading.

Top level headings should always be of highest level

This may also sound like common sense, but there is one little problem. The headers have formatting style associated with them. Many people use those associated formatting rules to manipulate how their article looks. This in turns yield a broken heading structure.

Let us take a look at this example:

Introduction
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
- Conclusion

The author of that article thought bold 24pt type assigned to level 1 headings was too large and too bold for such an unimportant section like Conclusion. So the author thought that it would be a better idea to use the italic 12pt type assigned to level 3 headings. This results in a heading structure that has the last section two levels below the other sections. The correct structure would be:

Introduction
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Conclusion

The conclusion is now in line with the rest of the article.

ノート: It may seem somewhat awkward that sections like Introduction or Conclusion are given same importance as the main article, but those sections are in fact important. It is always better to add a note (one like this) at the end of the article, or completely exclude poorly formulated or lacking sections than to demote them into lower level headings and break the article's logical structure for the sake of aesthetic issues.

Types of heading structures

Based on the number of levels used and their purpose, heading structure may be divided into following categories:

Single-level structure
False multi-level structure
Multi-level structure

Single-level structure

When writing an article, the most straightforward way is to divide it into steps. Those steps may not necessarily be real steps, something that readers need to take. They may be steps that a writer takes in developing his article. In any case, those steps follow one another and are arranged in a single-level structure.

A typical setup of this kind may look like this:

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
Step 2: cleaning up
Step 3: troubleshooting
Further reading

This is what a simple 3-step HOWTO with introduction and references may look.

False multi-level structure

Sometimes, there is a need to deviate from the simple and flowing single-level structure.

Side-note

Usually, you need to deviate shortly from the main flow to elaborate on something.

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
- Notes on configuring XYZ
Step 2: cleaning up
Step 3: troubleshooting
Further reading

Consider this an alternative to adding notes and comments via the Note template.

Mark auxiliary information

Maybe you want to add a marker to some important part that acts as a additional argument to main discussion, or enhances the main discussion in some other way.

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
- Here is the sample code
Step 2: cleaning up
- Here is the sample code
Step 3: troubleshooting
- Here is the sample code
Further reading

Multi-level structure

Multi-level structure is typical of longer, more in-depth articles. However, it may also be effectively used in shorter HOWTOs.

Here are some cases when a multi-level structure may come in handy.

ノート: Keep in mind that we are describing parent-child relationships of heading levels, and that it is not important if the parent is level 1, or 2, or 3. The same applies to all multi-level structures that have 2 or more levels.

Group arguments together

Subheadings can be to main headings what headings are to the entire article.

An example:

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
Step 2: cleaning up
- First do this
- Then do that
- You're done!
Step 3: troubleshooting
Further reading

Alternative arguments

Sometimes, you need to give your readers a few different angles on a subject.

For example:

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
- This is one way to do it
- This is another way to do it
Step 2: cleaning up
Step 3: troubleshooting
Further reading

Contradictory argument

If you need to talk about opposing arguments, you may give each party a subheading of its own.

For instance:

Introduction
Step 1: doing this or the other
- You want this
- There are reasons for not wanting this, though
Step 2: cleaning up
Step 3: troubleshooting
Further reading

見出しの文章

We will summarize some of the key points here, and if you want a more detailed account, you may read ヘルプ:記事命名ガイドライン. The rules listed here apply to both header texts and article names.

Header texts should be as specific as possible, and they should reflect the heading's scope
Header texts should be general enough to allow for future enhancement of headings
Header texts should be as short as possible (also see ヘルプ:記事命名ガイドライン)

フォーマット

As we already noted, it is crucial not to abuse header formatting styles to beautify your articles. If you do not like what you see, contact the admins or sysops and ask for their opinion, or offer to fix the situation in a manner that would not compromise the heading structures.

To mark some text as a heading, two or more equal signs (==) must be used.

ノート: The lowest-supported heading level would actually be 1 (=), but its formatting is reserved for article titles: article sections must always start from level 2.

Here is the code for marking headers:

==Header level 2==
===Header level 3===
====Header level 4====
=====Header level 5=====
======Header level 6======

If you want to see how these are formatted, you may use the Sandbox.