GNUnetのソースを表示

[[Category:匿名ネットワーク]]
[[Category:ファイル共有]]
[[Category:Virtual Private Network]]
[[en:GNUnet]]
[[es:GNUnet]]
[[ru:GNUnet]]
{{Related articles start}}
{{Related|Tor}}
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[https://gnunet.org/ GNUnet] は中央サーバーや信頼機関を使わないセキュアなピアツーピアネットワークを提供するフレームワークです。現在、フレームワークを使って実装されたサービスとして検閲を免れるファイル共有があります。

[[Wikipedia:ja:GNUnet]] も参照してください。

== インストール ==

GNUnet は {{AUR|gnunet}} パッケージで[[pacman|インストール]]できます。グラフィカルインターフェイスも使いたい場合は {{AUR|gnunet-gtk}} をインストールしてください。

もしくは、最新の git バージョンを {{AUR|gnunet-git}} と {{AUR|gnunet-gtk-git}} パッケージでインストールすることもできます。

== 設定 ==

{{ic|gnunet}} サービスを[[起動]]・[[有効化]]してください。

もしくは、ターミナルからピアを今すぐ起動するには:
 # gnunet-arm -s

[https://gnunet.org/how-start-and-stop-gnunet-peer How to start and stop a GNUnet peer] も参照してください。

== 使用方法 ==

=== Entering the GNUnet network ===

[[Start]] and possibly [[enable]] the {{ic|gnunet}} system service. Some operations will require the {{ic|gnunet}} user service to be started as well.

=== Checking the network ===

You can check the current state of the network by launching the {{ic|gnunet-peerinfo}} command as normal user.

 $ gnunet-peerinfo

To know your peer identity launch:

 $ gnunet-peerinfo -s

To list the peers you are directly connected with (these are called "neighbours"), launch:

 $ gnunet-core

=== File sharing ===

By default the file sharing service runs ''per user'', which means that '''both the system and user {{ic|gnunet}} services''' need to be [[start]]ed. If you want to change this option and run the file sharing ''per machine'', edit {{ic|/etc/gnunet.conf}} accordingly:

 [fs]
 ...
 RUN_PER_USER = NO
 ...
 UNIXPATH = $GNUNET_RUNTIME_DIR/gnunet-service-fs.sock
 ...

==== Searching for a file ====

Use {{ic|gnunet-search}} to search for a file using keywords (these are not necessarily related to the file's name). For example, to search for files that have been indexed under the “commons” keyword, launch:

 $ gnunet-search --timeout='10 s' 'commons'

Without specifying a timeout (10 seconds in the example above) {{ic|gnunet-search}} runs forever, waiting for the user to press CTRL-C.

The {{ic|gnunet-search}} command has a {{ic|--printf}} option for manipulating the printed output, somewhat similar to the {{ic|-printf}} option of the [[find|{{ic|find}}]] utility. Please type {{ic|man gnunet-search}} for more details.

===== Saving search results as "GNUnet directories" =====

Use the {{ic|-o}} option of {{ic|gnunet-search}} to save search results as a "GNUnet directories" ({{ic|.gnd}} files) – you might also want to suppress the printed output in this case (the {{ic|-s}} option).

For instance, to search for three seconds and save the results yielded by the “commons” keyword into a file named {{ic|three-seconds-commons.gnd}}, launch:

 $ gnunet-search -s -t 3s -o three-seconds-commons.gnd 'commons'

If later you want to inspect the content of {{ic|three-seconds-commons.gnd}} you can launch

 $ gnunet-directory three-seconds-commons.gnd

==== Downloading ====

The output of {{ic|gnunet-search}} is by default a list of {{ic|gnunet-download}} commands that you can directly copy and launch as normal user.

For example, using the output generated by {{ic|gnunet-search 'commons'}},

{{hc|$ gnunet-search 'commons'|
#1:
gnunet-download -o "Liotard (2017)_ Fablab - a new space for commons based peer production.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/C6369DRQ3S8RYK1FD5VDE666W2HVEJ5G5GJRX29BH6ZM08CBRWS7FY9326RBJ4G0N8V1RJ2N802KBYZT7RJT2EDK1J9JR2DXK5MTVM0.4SXJCK9NT5XGCZ0YAJ0ETXJJGY3P2SMNZ0Q94N775YEX9SXS2RW5FWRFK4GMBTP668Z3R8QZZ4WSHW1KG1AVQ5VFC1VF5T3WF57GT58.336423

#2:
gnunet-download -o "Rose, Carol (1986)_ The Comedy of the Commons_ Commerce, Custom, and inherently Public Property.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/TQK3A2C279EJQ50B1TQWFNTPMGQZJJ4JXYTF2D88D03H038TB7SVVSRBT74FMYPNZ47YZSV096PVVZH0TQ3B8KBVBV2H8GN9VAASTJR.CQ7M7843MGPZCV8M26NKH6EB5MBGZAXRWCF39YS668WM6F22D214GSXNTJ4RYGE7XF68VPZM4C19XR48TT4J8WH8S2E00C96Q8K6790.1593230

#3:
gnunet-download -o "Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/Y1FD7D123CEGWDW544YDEP15YA5E7ZD2XRSJBNP0847A5JXMMZEZ0XACGRG42BBBTGKZ0ZCBW0A9T6196Z5N26HA6SP1T8GDAT5H5SG.RN38G25DMYG3TBQJEGWDZT2B84N1JYYJZ8VRJ8HG2G1A4EFD4GH5TZXB0RXV7QEMZBSKWCCEF736FXNH6C5BYKG9DSTV99ETFGC93R0.1520328

...}}

you can launch,

{{bc|$ gnunet-download -o "Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/Y1FD7D123CEGWDW544YDEP15YA5E7ZD2XRSJBNP0847A5JXMMZEZ0XACGRG42BBBTGKZ0ZCBW0A9T6196Z5N26HA6SP1T8GDAT5H5SG.RN38G25DMYG3TBQJEGWDZT2B84N1JYYJZ8VRJ8HG2G1A4EFD4GH5TZXB0RXV7QEMZBSKWCCEF736FXNH6C5BYKG9DSTV99ETFGC93R0.1520328}}

which will download {{ic|Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf}} in the current directory.

===== Mounting a remote GNUnet directory without downloading it =====

A module, named {{AUR|gnunet-fuse}}, has been developed to mount remote directories from the GNUnet network. With {{ic|gnunet-fuse}}, directories that have been published on the GNUnet network can be mounted as read-only file systems and accessed using normal file operations. In contrast to downloading the directory recursively via {{ic|gnunet-download}}, this has the advantage that files are downloaded on-demand. Only those files (or directories) that you access will be downloaded. For more information please install the module and type {{ic|man gnunet-fuse}}.

==== Uploading ====

Publishing a file on the GNUnet file-sharing network involves choosing keywords that can be later used by other people to search for the file.

Keywords are not strictly required, but they are recommended. This is because GNUnet does not allow searching by filename, but by keywords. The {{Pkg|libextractor}} library, which is a dependency of GNUnet, can automatically extract keywords from a file, but you may wish to enter keywords of your own.

In the following example, we use the keywords "commons" and "state" to publish a file named {{ic|ostrom.pdf}}.

{{hc|$ gnunet-publish -k 'commons' -k 'state' ostrom.pdf|
Publishing `/srv/filesharing/gnunet/ostrom.pdf' done.
URI is `gnunet://fs/chk/M57S...
}}

GNUnet users can now find the file by using the {{ic|gnunet-search}} command.

{{hc|$ gnunet-search 'commons'|
#1:
gnunet-download -o "ostrom.pdf" gnunet://fs/chk/M57S...
}}

To list all the files that are currently published launch {{ic|gnunet-fs -i}}. If later you want to stop sharing a file you can use {{ic|gnunet-unindex ''filename''}} (in our example, {{ic|gnunet-unindex 'ostrom.pdf'}}).

Once a file is published it is not possible to retrieve the keywords whereby the file was indexed (i.e., reverse search). It is always possible however to add further keywords to it.

Please note that it might take some time (up to some hours) till your peers can see your freshly uploaded files.

{{Warning|Unpublishing a file will only stop the current machine from sharing the file, but will '''not''' erase the file from the GNUnet network – which is by design impossible – as other people might have downloaded the file and shared it themselves. By all means {{ic|gnunet-publish}} must be considered '''an irreversible action'''.}}

The {{ic|gnunet-publish}} command offers an option – {{ic|-n}} or equivalently {{ic|--noindex}} – to publish a file without indexing it. When used, GNUnet will perform a full insertion and store the entire file in encrypted form in the GNUnet database.

This option has been created with the purpose of avoiding that who takes physical access to a computer running GNUnet finds out which files are currently being published, in case of censored files in countries with strong censorship. Files published with the {{ic|--noindex}} option will appear as chunks downloaded from the network, and as such cannot be unpublished/unindexed (they have never been indexed in the first place); however it is always possible to specify a low content priority during publication ({{ic|--prio}}) and tell GNUnet that the content that is going to be published is allowed to get lost easily when the database gets full.

For further information, please read [https://docs.gnunet.org/handbook/gnunet.html#File_002dsharing the chapter on file-sharing in the handbook]. See also https://gnunet.org/en/use.html#filesharing.

===== Modifying and removing indexed files =====

* When you modify a file, the URI of the file changes. Therefore, GNUnet considers this to be a completely different file and the indexed file will be considered missing. Therefore, make sure that the original file is unindexed first (using the {{ic|gnunet-unindex}} command), modify the file, and then index the new file to make it accessible through the network.
* If you want to remove a file from your filesystem, then you should unindex it first.
* If you know in advance that a published file will likely need to be updated more or less frequently, see [[#Publishing updatable files]]

==== Downloading + sharing ====

GNUnet file-sharing network is a DHT (see [[Wikipedia:Distributed hash table]]). As peers in the DHT, users store chunks of various files on their disk, ''even from files they do not download or have downloaded''. Which files are stored depends on the DHT distance metric / algorithm.

Technically unless a file has been completely downloaded only parts of it are stored. These are stored in a cache (typically under {{ic|/var/lib/gnunet/.local/share/gnunet}}). If a DHT query finds its way to a peer for one of the cached parts, the peer will provide it. The database used to store the file-sharing blocks is kept finite (below a configurable quota), and all the cached parts can expire to make space for newer files.

If someone shares a file in the GNUnet network the distributed chunks of that file will remain in the network's cache for a while, and the file will remain available even if who shared it goes offline. But if the original publisher goes missing and nobody else shared the file ''explicitly'' (with {{ic|gnunet-publish}}), the file will eventually become unavailable as the peer caches expire or the peers go offline.

The only way to ensure that a file persists in the GNUnet network is then to re-publish it explicitly after downloading it (with {{ic|gnunet-publish}}) and let the machine that publishes the file visit the network regularly.

Publishing a file after downloading will always generate the same URI whereby the file was downloaded ({{ic|gnunet://fs/chk/Y1FD...}} in the example below), independently of the keywords chosen for re-publishing it:

{{hc|$ gnunet-download -o 'Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf' gnunet://fs/chk/Y1FD...|2=
100% [============================================================]
Downloading `Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf' done (160 b/s).
}}

{{hc|$ gnunet-publish -k 'tragedy' 'Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf'|2=
Publishing `/srv/filesharing/gnunet/Hardin, Garett (1968)_ Tragedy of the Commons.pdf' done.
URI is `gnunet://fs/chk/Y1FD...
}}

=== VPN ===

GNUnet provides a VPN, which can be used to share your Internet connection (yes, this may be dangerous, just as running a Tor exit node), or to provide access to services on your host (this should be less dangerous, as long as those services are secure). 

For information on how to set up a VPN with GNUnet, see https://gnunet.org/en/use.html#vpn.

=== The GNU Name Service (GNS) ===

The GNU Name Service (GNS) is a fully decentralized alternative to the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) that should not suffer the same major security flaws as the latter (see [[Wikipedia:Domain Name System#Security issues]]).

For information on how to use GNS, see https://gnunet.org/en/use.html#gns_cli and https://gnunet.org/en/use.html#gns_browser.

=== Chatting with other GNUnet users ===

To chat with GNUnet users the {{ic|gnunet-messenger}} utility is available, ''for which the {{ic|gnunet.service}} [[user unit]] needs to be [[start]]ed'' (possibly along with the {{ic|gnunet.service}} system unit – see [[#Launching the daemon as current user in a multi-user setup]]). For instance, to enter the “miscellanea” room using “alice” as nickname, launch

{{hc|$ gnunet-messenger -e alice -r miscellanea|
* Welcome to the messenger, 'alice'!
* You try to open a room...
* You joined the room.
[EHDA8T] * 'anonymous' opened the room on: 2ABN944E16FTWFMOKTMQ5JMPQ233YSPBKC47XR2DHSPQCQ8GYK80
[EHDA8T] * 'anonymous' gets renamed to 'alice'
█
}}

== App ecosystem ==

=== GNUnet GTK ===

GNUnet GTK is a collection of graphical interfaces for the GNUnet framework. It ships the following [[GTK]] applications:

* {{ic|gnunet-conversation-gtk}}
* {{ic|gnunet-fs-gtk}}
* {{ic|gnunet-namestore-gtk}}
* {{ic|gnunet-peerinfo-gtk}}
* {{ic|gnunet-setup}}
* {{ic|gnunet-statistics-gtk}}

To install GNUnet GTK download the {{AUR|gnunet-gtk}} package.

=== Messenger GTK ===

Currently several graphical user interfaces for chatting on the GNUnet network are being developed. One of these is '''Messenger GTK''' ({{AUR|messenger-gtk}}, or {{AUR|messenger-gtk-git}} for the development version), a mobile-friendly [[GTK]] graphical user interface for chatting with GNUnet users. For chatting via command line, see '''Messenger CLI''' ({{AUR|messenger-cli}} or {{AUR|messenger-cli-git}} for the development version).

=== Web User Interface ===

A Web interface for GNUnet exists and is available as {{AUR|gnunet-webui-git}}.

=== re:claimID ===

[https://gnunet.org/en/reclaim/index.html re:claimID] is a decentralized Identity Provider (IdP) service built on top of the GNU Name System. It allows users to securely share personal information with websites using standardized protocols (OpenID Connect).

For users ''re:claimID'' offers [https://addons.mozilla.org/addon/reclaimid/ an extension for Firefox] and [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/reclaimid/jiogompmdejcnacmlnjhnaicgkefcfll an extension for Chromium] for managing ''re:claimID'' identities in the web browser (the {{AUR|gnunet}} package needs to be installed).

After having installed the extension it will be possible to add a new identity to the local ''re:claimID'' instance and add some attributes to it by visiting https://ui.reclaim/ (the link will not work without the extension installed).

For more information, please refer to [https://gnunet.org/en/reclaim/users.html the manual].

=== GNU Taler ===

GNU Taler is a microtransaction and electronic payment system built on top of GNUnet. Differently than other distributed payment systems Taler is not based on a blockchain, but on blind signatures instead.

For more information please consult [https://taler.net/en/docs.html the official documentation]. See also packages {{AUR|sync}}, {{AUR|taler-exchange}}, {{AUR|taler-mdb}}, {{AUR|taler-merchant}} and {{AUR|taler-twister}}.

=== GNU Anastasis ===

[https://www.gnu.org/software/anastasis/ GNU Anastasis] is a protocol and implementation that allows users to securely deposit core secrets with an open set of escrow providers and to recover these secrets if their original copies are lost. Anastasis is available on AUR ({{AUR|anastasis}} and {{AUR|anastasis-gtk}}). For more information please consult https://www.gnu.org/software/anastasis/ and https://anastasis.lu/.

== Troubleshooting ==

=== GNUnet fails to publish files ===

A common mistake for who does not understand how the GNUnet services work is that of trying to publish files located in the home directory (or in its subdirectories) when the file sharing service is not running for the current user. The problem is that the {{ic|gnunet}} system user (which runs the GNUnet system service) has normally no access to the  home directories of other users.

An easy solution is to create a shared directory, where only users that belong to the {{ic|gnunet}} group have write permissions, and use it to place the files that will be published. For instance, {{ic|/srv/filesharing/gnunet}} could be a good choice:

 # install -dm775 -g gnunet -o gnunet /srv/filesharing/gnunet

Each user belonging to the {{ic|gnunet}} group can then create a link to it in their home directory,

 $ ln -s /srv/filesharing/gnunet ~/Publishing

which can be dereferenced by {{ic|gnunet-publish}}:

{{hc|1=$ (cd ~/Publishing && gnunet-publish -k commons ostrom.pdf) && gnunet-fs -i|2=
/srv/filesharing/gnunet/ostrom.pdf
}}

If you prefer to run the file sharing service as current user, edit {{ic|/etc/gnunet.conf}} accordingly:

 [fs]
 ...
 RUN_PER_USER = YES
 ...
 UNIXPATH = $GNUNET_USER_RUNTIME_DIR/gnunet-service-fs.sock
 ...

=== Low bandwidth ===

It is recommended for file-sharing that you increase GNUnet's bandwidth restrictions from the actually pretty low defaults. The example below sets the WAN and LAN limits to {{ic|unlimited}}.

{{bc|
$ gnunet-config -s ats -o WAN_QUOTA_IN -V unlimited
$ gnunet-config -s ats -o WAN_QUOTA_OUT -V unlimited
$ gnunet-config -s ats -o LAN_QUOTA_IN -V unlimited
$ gnunet-config -s ats -o LAN_QUOTA_OUT -V unlimited
}}

=== /var/lib/gnunet/ grows too big ===

GNUnet's cache is kept finite and cannot grow forever. However the quota reserved for it by default is not small (currently 5 GB). To reduce this number, you must assign your preferred value to the {{ic|QUOTA}} key in the {{ic|datastore}} section of {{ic|/etc/gnunet.conf}}.

{{hc|/etc/gnunet.conf|2=
...

[datastore]
...
QUOTA = 2 GB
...
}}

=== /var/lib/gnunet/ is left after uninstall ===

The {{ic|/var/lib/gnunet/}} directory is the home directory of the {{ic|gnunet}} system user, which is left after uninstalling GNUnet. If you are sure that you are never going to use GNUnet ever again, launch:

{{bc|
# userdel -r gnunet
# groupdel gnunetdns
}}

{{Warning|The identity and all the information about the network cumulatively stored by the current peer will be destroyed – this will not affect files explicitly downloaded in other paths.}}

=== The network is too static ===

By default GNUnet bootstraps itself using a {{ic|hostlist}} file downloaded from internet (plain {{ic|https}}) every time it connects to the network. If you want to instruct it to learn and memorize host lists provided by other peers you need to add the {{ic|-e}} option to the {{ic|OPTIONS}} key under {{ic|hostlist}} in {{ic|/etc/gnunet.conf}}. Further options are also available.

{{hc|/etc/gnunet.conf|2=
...

[hostlist]
...
# Options:
# -p : provide a hostlist as a hostlist servers
# -b : bootstrap using configured hostlist servers
# -e : enable learning advertised hostlists
# -a : advertise hostlist to other servers
OPTIONS = -b -e -a -p
...}}

== Tips and tricks ==

=== Launching the daemon as current user in a multi-user setup ===

After a fresh install the user configuration file is missing. In a multi-user setup this is almost only used (if needed) to [[start]] and [[stop]] the {{ic|gnunet.service}} [[user unit]] while the system daemon is running, hence it is generally enough to create a minimal configuration file containing only:

{{hc|~/.config/gnunet.conf|2=
[arm]
START_SYSTEM_SERVICES = NO
START_USER_SERVICES = YES
}}

Without setting {{ic|START_SYSTEM_SERVICES}} to {{ic|NO}}, launching the daemon as current user while the system daemon is running will result in duplicate processes.

See [https://docs.gnunet.org/handbook/gnunet.html#The-Multi_002dUser-Setup The Multi-User Setup], in the manual for further insight.

=== A button for switching GNUnet on and off ===

If you use [[GNOME]] you might want to install the Systemd Manager shell extension ({{AUR|gnome-shell-extension-systemd-manager}}) and add GNUnet to it:

 $ dconf write /org/gnome/shell/extensions/systemd-manager/systemd \
 	<nowiki>'['\''{"name":"GNUnet system service","service":"gnunet.service","type":"system"}'\'', '\''{"name":"GNUnet user service","service":"gnunet.service","type":"user"}'\'']'</nowiki>

(After installing the extension you might need to restart the session.)

=== Single-user setup ===

The GNUnet peer can be started also from the current user without running the {{ic|gnunet}} system service. For a single-user setup make sure that {{ic|START_SYSTEM_SERVICES}} and {{ic|START_USER_SERVICES}} are set to {{ic|YES}} in {{ic|~/.config/gnunet.conf}}:

{{hc|~/.config/gnunet.conf|2=
[arm]
START_SYSTEM_SERVICES = YES
START_USER_SERVICES = YES
}}

To start the peer as current user, [[start]] the {{ic|gnunet.service}} [[user unit]]. To stop a peer which is running as current user, [[stop]] the {{ic|gnunet.service}} user unit.

For further information, please refer to [https://docs.gnunet.org/handbook/gnunet.html#The-Single_002dUser-Setup the chapter on the single-user setup in the handbook].

=== Publishing updatable files ===

It is possible to publish "updatable" files (i.e., files for which you might want to release a different version in the future, advertising that it is the same file – just updated – and not a different one). To release an updatable file you need to create an ego and use it to sign the file. This is the only way to assure that a malicious party cannot supply counterfeited updates.

To create an ego the {{ic|gnunet-identity}} utility is available, ''for which the {{ic|gnunet.service}} [[user unit]] needs to be [[start]]ed'' (possibly along with the {{ic|gnunet.service}} system unit – see [[#Launching the daemon as current user in a multi-user setup]]). For instance, to create an ego named "caroline", [[start]] the {{ic|gnunet}} user unit and launch:

 $ gnunet-identity -C caroline

{{Note|If later you decide to erase this ego you can launch {{ic|gnunet-identity -D caroline}}.}}

Now that you have created an ego, you need to specify a string that identifies the current release of the file (the {{ic|-t}} option), and ''already now the string that will identify your planned next version'' (the {{ic|-N}} option) – you will have to remember the latter. Any content is possible for both strings.

{{hc|1=
$ gnunet-publish -P caroline -t 'diary version 1' -N 'diary version 2' -k 'diary' until-2020/my_diary.md|2=
Publishing `/srv/filesharing/gnunet/until-2020/my_diary.md' done.
URI is `gnunet://fs/chk/AF26...'.

Namespace URI is `gnunet://fs/sks/V3TK.../diary version 1'.
}}

When an update will be ready, you will have to use the same string that you had previously chosen for it ("diary version 2" in our example), possibly accompanying it with another name for a further update (if applicable):

{{hc|1=
$ gnunet-publish -P caroline -t 'diary version 2' -N 'diary version 3' -k 'diary' until-2021/my_diary.md|2=
Publishing `/srv/filesharing/gnunet/until-2021/my_diary.md' done.
URI is `gnunet://fs/chk/5Y7V...'.

Namespace URI is `gnunet://fs/sks/V3TK.../diary version 2'.
}}

If you decide that an update will be the last one, omit the {{ic|-N}} option (will not allow any future updates).

Note that an update with GNUnet will not make the old content unavailable, GNUnet merely allows the publisher to point users to more recent versions.

=== Launching and stopping GNUnet without systemd ===

GNUnet comes with an own daemon management system, the ''Automatic Restart Manager'' (limited to the GNUnet services).

To start the system services manually without [[systemd]] launch the {{ic|gnunet-arm}} utility ''as {{ic|gnunet}} user'':

 $ sudo -u gnunet gnunet-arm -c /etc/gnunet.conf -s

To end the system services manually without systemd, launch:

 $ sudo -u gnunet gnunet-arm -c /etc/gnunet.conf -e

To start the user services manually without systemd, launch the {{ic|gnunet-arm}} utility ''as current user'':

 $ gnunet-arm -c ~/.config/gnunet.conf -s

To end the user services manually without systemd, launch:

 $ gnunet-arm -c ~/.config/gnunet.conf -e