S-nail
S-nail (heirloom-mailx のフォーク) は ed と同じようなコマンド構文が使えるメール処理システムです。ed における行がメッセージになります。POSIX の mailx コマンドの機能を実現し行編集や IDNA, MIME, S/MIME, SMTP, POP3 (IMAP) などの拡張を提供します。メールバッチ言語として使うことが可能です。
S-nail は Unix のメールシステムのユーザーサイドを担うものであり、システムサイドは伝統的に sendmail が使われていました。
Arch Linux では S-nail は SMTP によるメールの直接配達に対応しているため、外部の SMTP サーバーに直接メッセージを送信することができます。その場合、ローカルのメール転送エージェント (MTA) はシステムサイドには不要です。ただし、S-nail にはメールキュー機構が存在しません。SMTP で直接かつ即座にメッセージを送るだけです。
目次
インストール
s-nail パッケージは Arch Linux の base グループに含まれているため、最初からインストールされています。
使用例
システム全体の設定ファイル (/etc/mail.rc
) には最初から有用な設定が含まれており、以下のように sendmail や postfix などのローカルメール転送エージェント (MTA) でメールを送信できます:
# echo 'Message body' | mailx -d -s 'A subject' -a an_attachment.txt foo1@bar.example 'Foo2 <foo2@bar.example>'
-d
フラグを付けることでドライランとなり実際にはメールは送信されません (save
や record
設定も無視されます)。sendmail
変数を設定することで MTA として使用するプログラムを調整できます (sendmail-arguments
, sendmail-no-default-arguments
, sendmail-progname
など詳しくはマニュアルの "Sending mail" を参照):
# < /etc/passwd mailx -Ssendmail=/usr/bin/sendmail -Ssendwait -s 'My password file content!' public-foo@bar.example # echo Message was passed successfully: $?
デフォルトではメールの配達は非同期となっており、メッセージが配達システム (MTA など) に渡されると S-nail はすぐに終了します。メッセージの準備ができたかどうかだけ出力します。sendwait
オプションを設定した場合、S-nail は起動した MTA インスタンスが終了するまで待機し、MTA の終了ステータスを確認してメールの配達が成功したか失敗したか判断します。
expandaddr
オプションを設定した場合、ファイルやコマンドにメッセージを送信することができます:
# echo bla | mailx -Sexpandaddr -s test ./mbox.mbox # echo bla | mailx -Sexpandaddr -s test '|cat >> ./mbox.mbox'
プログラム環境のメンバーと構成ファイルの設定がプログラムの動作を変更するのを避けるために、スクリプトを構成ファイルから切り離し、-S
および -X
コマンドライン フラグを使用できます (そしてそうすべきです)。それぞれ独自のセットアップを作成し、必要なコマンドを実行します。
expandaddr
に値を指定して、アドレス検証に使用できます。たとえば、次の only はネットワーク アドレスを許可します。 -.
コマンド ライン オプションは、オプション処理を終了し、メッセージ送信モードをオンにします。これらが一緒になってアクティブなバリアを形成し、アドレス引数をコマンドラインオプションとして誤って解釈したり、その他のインジェクション攻撃を防止したりします。
次の例は、somefile.pdf がどこかにある場合、{ic|-d}} を除いてそのまま使用できます。 record
変数を、すべての送信メールの記録に使用されるフォルダーのパス名に設定します。これにより、生成されたメールを調べることができます。
メッセージ:
# echo Body | # LC_ALL=C MAILRC=/dev/null \ # mailx -d -n -Sv15-compat -Ssendwait \ # -Sexpandaddr=fail,-all,+addr \ # -Snosave -Srecord=/tmp/out.mbox \ # -Smimetypes-load-control \ # -X'mimetype "application/pdf pdf"' \ # -Sfrom='Me <me@home>' \ # -a somefile.pdf -s Subject \ # -. '(foo2bar) <foo2@bar.example>' bob@hey.example # mailx -Rf /tmp/out.mbox
マニュアルページの はじめに、メールを送信する、メールを読む のセクションは、さらに クイック ショット を探す場合に一見の価値があります。
次の USER と PASS が URL の一部として指定されている場合 (その場合のみ)、それらは URL パーセントでエンコードされる必要があります。 S-nail は、これを行う urlcodec
コマンドを提供しています。
# printf 'urlcodec encode USER PASS\nx\n' | mailx -#
printf と S-nail / mailx は、ロケール設定の影響を受けます。
# # In UTF-8: # printf 'urlcodec encode SPAß\nx\n' | mailx -# in: <SPAß> (5 bytes) out: <SPA%C3%9F> (9 bytes) # # In ISO-8859-1: # printf 'urlc enc SPAß\nx\n' | mailx -# in: <SPAß> (4 bytes) out: <SPA%DF> (6 bytes)
設定
設定ファイルは各ユーザー個別の $HOME/.mailrc
と全ユーザー共通の /etc/mail.rc
があり、後者のファイルは Arch Linux でアップデートしたときに変わる可能性があるため、変更や追加は前者のファイルに行ってください。
基本的なセキュリティや送信モードを設定する設定例:
# All the examples require v15-compat! set v15-compat # ArchLinux-specific locations of certificates. # Since these are subject to the ArchLinux update mechanism, # use only those, don't try to load OpenSSL builtin ones. # And use the TLS specific set: see "man 8 update-ca-trust" #set ssl-ca-dir=/etc/ssl/certs set ssl-ca-file=/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt set ssl-no-default-ca # Don't use protocols older than TLS v1.2. # Change this only when the remote server doesn't support it: # maybe use ssl-protocol-HOST (or -USER@HOST) syntax to define # such explicit exceptions, then, e.g. # ssl-protocol-USER@archlinux.org="-ALL,+TLSv1.2" set ssl-protocol="-ALL,+TLSv1.2" # Explicitly define the list of ciphers, which may improve security, # especially with protocols older than TLS v1.2. See ciphers(1). # Hint: it is important to include "@STRENGTH": only with it the # final list will be sorted by algorithm strength. # This is an example: in reality it is possibly best to only use # ssl-cipher-list-HOST (or -USER@HOST), as necessary, again.. set ssl-cipher-list="ALL:!aNULL:!eNULL:!MEDIUM:!LOW:!MD5:!RC4:!EXPORT:@STRENGTH" # Request strict transport security checks set ssl-verify=strict # Essential setting: select allowed character sets # (Have a look at the "CHARACTER SETS" manual section) set sendcharsets=utf-8,iso-8859-1 # A very kind option: when replying to a message, first try to # use the same encoding that the original poster used herself! set reply-in-same-charset # When replying to or forwarding a message the comment and name # parts of email addresses are removed unless this variable is set set fullnames # When sending messages, wait until the Mail-Transfer-Agent finishs. # Only like this you'll be able to see errors reported through the exit # status of the MTA (including the builtin SMTP one)! set sendwait # Only use builtin MIME types, no mime.types(5) files. # That set is often sufficient, but look at the output of the # mimetype command to ensure this is true for you, too set mimetypes-load-control # Default directory where we act in (relative to $HOME if not absolute) set folder=mail # A leading "+" (often) means: under folder # record is used to save copies of sent messages, DEAD is error storage # inbox: system mailbox, by default /var/mail/$USER: file % # MBOX: secondary mailbox: file & set MBOX=+mbox.mbox record=+sent.mbox DEAD=+dead.mbox set inbox=+system.mbox # Define some shortcuts; now one may say, e.g., file mymbo shortcut mymbo %:+mbox.mbox \ myrec +sent.mbox # This is optional, but you should get the big picture # by reading the manual before you leave that off set from="Your Name <youremail@domain>" # Mailing-list specifics (manual: "Mailing lists"): set followup-to followup-to-honour=ask-yes reply-to-honour=ask-yes # And teach some non-subscribed / some subscribed lists, too mlist @xyz-editor.xyz$ @xyzf.xyz$ mlsubscribe ^xfans@xfans.xyz$
上記の SSL/TLS 構成の組み合わせにより、可能な限り最も安全なエンドツーエンド TLS トランスポートが実現します。
外部 SMTP サーバーでメールを送信
To send messages via the built-in SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) client to an external SMTP server, several options have to be set or adjusted. Add the following as appropriate to the configuration as above, changing bold strings. Reading the manual section "On URL syntax and credential lookup" is worthwhile.
# It can be as easy as # (Remember USER and PASS must be URL percent encoded) set smtp=smtp://USER:PASS@HOST \ smtp-use-starttls # It may be necessary to set hostname and/or smtp-hostname # if the "SERVER" of smtp and "domain" of from don't match. # Reading the "ON URL SYNTAX.." and smtp manual entries may be worthwhile set smtp=(smtp[s]/submission)://[USER[:PASS]@]SERVER[:PORT] \ smtp-auth=login[/plain]... \ smtp-use-starttls # E.g. here is a real life example of a very huge free mail provider # (Activate this account via mailx -AXooglX from the command line, # or use the ? acc[ount] XooglX command in interactive mode) account XooglX { # Localize options, forget them when changing the account localopts yes # (The plain smtp:// proto is optional) set smtp=USER:PASS@smtp.gmXil.com smtp-use-starttls set from="Your Name <youremail@domain>" } # And here is a pretty large one which does not allow sending mails # if there is a domain name mismatch on the SMTP protocol level, # which would bite us if the value of from does not match, e.g., # for people who have a sXXXXeforge project and want to speak # with the mailing list under their project account (in from), # still sending the message through their normal mail provider account XandeX { localopts yes set smtp=smtps://USER:PASS@smtp.yaXXex.ru:465 \ hostname=yaXXex.com smtp-hostname= set from="Your Name <youremail@domain>" }
Note that, when storing passwords in $HOME/.mailrc
, you should set appropriate permissions with chmod 0600
.
You can also set the netrc-lookup option and store user credentials in $HOME/.netrc
(or $NETRC) instead; e.g., here is a real life example that sets up SMTP, POP3 as well as IMAP, storing all user credentials in there:
account XandeX { localopts yes set from="Your Name <youremail@domain>" set netrc-lookup #set agent-shell-lookup="gpg -d .pass.gpg" set smtp=smtps://smtp.yXXXXx.ru:465 \ smtp-hostname= hostname=yXXXXx.com set pop3-keepalive=240 shortcut pop pop3s://pop.yXXXXx.ru # Type xp to login to the POP3 account ghost xp 'fi pop' set imap-keepalive=240 shortcut imap imaps://imap.yXXXXx.ru # Type xi to login to the IMAP account ghost xi 'fi imap' }
and, in $HOME/.netrc
:
machine *.yXXXXx.ru login USER password PASS
In this case USER and PASS are clear text, not URL encoded. You can further diversify things and use encrypted password storage, since ArchLinux compiles in password agent support.
To adjust the example, simply do not specify the password PASS token in $HOME/.netrc
but instead uncomment the agent-shell-lookup line in the example account above.
The encrypted password storage .pass.gpg
can be created like this:
# echo PASS > .pass # gpg -e .pass # eval `gpg-agent --daemon --pinentry-program=/usr/bin/pinentry-curses --max-cache-ttl 99999 --default-cache-ttl 99999`
Test the configuration (use the -d command line option for a dry-run):
# echo test-body | mailx -vv -A XandeX -s test-subject some@where
インタラクティブな使用方法
Arch Linux の S-nail にはコマンドラインエディタが組み込まれており、履歴機能や正規表現、メッセージのカラー表示が使えます。S-nail は POSIX 標準に準拠しているためインタラクティブに使う前に設定を変更する必要があります。全ての設定に手を入れる必要はありませんがマニュアルは必ず読んでください。最低でも設定の一番上に以下を追加してください:
# (The global configuration /etc/mail.rc provides some commented basics; # in particular it shows all options that POSIX mandates as defaults.) # Start into interactive mode even if the system mailbox is empty or # doesn't exist. S-nail would exit immediately without that one set emptystart # When composing a message, let period `.' on a line by itself finalize # composition, before start directly into $EDITOR set dot set editalong # Start $PAGER when a message is longer than VALUE lines; # without VALUE: screen $LINES set crt= # Colourize headers when displaying messages (note that $PAGER may # require special flags, e.g., less(1) needs the -R option; S-nail will # however set the $LESS environment variable accordingly, but only if # that was not set before..) set colour-pager # A nicer prompt for a modern terminal set prompt="\033[31m?\?[\$ \@]\& \033[0m" # Add more entries to the history, and make that persistent set history-gabby NAIL_HISTFILE=+.s-nailhist NAIL_HISTSIZE=-1 # When printing messages, show only these headers # (Easier to retain what you want than to ignore # what you don't; use Print to see all headers and Show # to see the raw message content) retain date from to cc subject # Try to get around weird MIME attachment specifications # (This option can take a value, see the manual for more) set mime-counter-evidence # Display HTML parts inline, nicer than what the builtin viewer can achieve #set pipe-text/html="lynx -stdin -dump -force_html" # Learn another mimetype mimetype 'model/vrml wrl vrml' # Create some new commands so that, e.g., `ls /tmp' will.. ghost ls !ls -latro ghost ps !ps axu
Once you're in it use list to print all available builtin commands. ArchLinux compiles in the "DOCSTRINGS" feature, so that typing `?X' tries to expand "X" and print a help string; since S-nail will allow abbreviations of all commands this is sometimes handy; try, e.g., ?h, ?he and ?hel ... The command help will print a short summary of the most frequent used commands.
コマンド
When starting into interactive mode a summary of the content of the initially opened mailbox is printed, as via the headers command. In the header display messages are given numbers (starting at 1) which uniquely identify messages. Messages can be printed with the print command, or short: p. Whereas p honours retained (or ignored) list of headers to be displayed, the Print command will not and display all headers; the Show command will print raw message content.
By default the current message (dot) is printed, but just like with many other commands it is possible to specify lists of messages, as is documented in the manual section "Specifying messages"; e.g., p:u will display all unread messages, p. will print the dot, p 1 5 will print the messages 1 and 5 and p- and p+ will print the last and the next message, respectively. Note that simply typing RETURN in an empty line acts like next (n), and thus prints the next message.
The command from (f) is nice for an overview, e.g., f '@<@arch linux' will print the header summary of all messages that contain the string "arch linux" in some message header, whereas f '@arch linux' will only match those with "arch linux" in their subject; finally, the regular expression f @^A[^[:space:]]+ finds... that is, be aware that quoting may be necessary when there is whitespace in search expressions etc.
- file and File open a new mailbox, the latter in readonly mode (which can be handy to avoid flag updates etc.)
- newmail (dependent on the mailbox, checks for new mail and) prints a listing of new messages
- he (headers) reprints the message list
- z-, z+, z0, z$ scroll through the header display (dependent on the terminal you are using the Home/End/PageUp/PageDown keys will be working aliases)
- folders shows a listing of mailboxes under the currently set folder
- r replies to all addressees of the given message(s)
- R replies to the sender of the given message(s)
- Lreply "mailing-list" reply to the given message(s)
- move or mv moves (a) message(s)
- (un)flag marks (a) message(s) as (un)flagged
- new marks (a) message(s) unread
- seen marks (a) message(s) read
- P prints (a) message(s) with all headers
- p prints (a) message(s) and all non-ignored headers.
- show prints the raw message of content of (a) message(s)
メッセージの作成
Composition is started by typing mail user@host or by replying to a message. When you return from $EDITOR (assuming editalong is set) you'll find yourself in the native editor, where many operations can be performed using tilde escapes (short help available via ~?). Of particular interest is ~@, which either allows interactive editing of the attachment list, or, when given arguments, to add a(n) (comma-separated list of) additional attachment(s).
To send the mail, signal EOT with Ctrl+d
or type "." on its own line (the latter requires the dot option).
S/MIME を使う
The manual contains a step-by-step example of how to create your certificates etc. ("Signed and encrypted messages with S/MIME"). Assuming you have your private key and signed certificate already, just create the paired file we need
# cat private-key.pem signed-certificate.pem > ~/pair.pem
and setup S-nail via
set smime-sign-cert=~/pair.pem \ smime-sign-message-digest=SHA256 \ smime-sign
From now any message that is sent will be signed. The default message digest would be SHA1, as mandated by RFC 5751. Note that S/MIME always works relative to the setting of the variable from, so it seems best to instead place the above settings in an account. The verify command verifies S/MIME messages, but note that S/MIME decryption and verification is solely based upon OpenSSL for now, which only supports messages with a simplicistic MIME structure. Sorry. By the way, if you miss hyperlinks and a table-of-content to get yourself going, the manual on the projects' website offers this; and the manual that ships with ArchLinux does, too, but needs the mdocmx(7) extension to be visible.
OpenPGP のサポート
S-nail は OpenPGP をサポートしていませんが、マクロを使うことで自動的に --clearsign されたメッセージを検証することができます。リソースファイルで以下を使うことで V を押すだけでメッセージを検証することが可能です:
define V { localopts yes set pipe-text/plain="set -C;\ : > \"${TMPDIR}/${NAIL_FILENAME_GENERATED}\";\ trap \"rm -f \\\"${TMPDIR}/${NAIL_FILENAME_GENERATED}\\\"\" EXIT;\ trap \"exit 75\" INT QUIT TERM;\ set +C;\ cat > \"${TMPDIR}/${NAIL_FILENAME_GENERATED}\";\ < \"${TMPDIR}/${NAIL_FILENAME_GENERATED}\" awk \ -v TMPFILE=\"${TMPDIR}/${NAIL_FILENAME_GENERATED}\" '\ BEGIN {done=0}\ /^-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----/,/^$/ {\ if (done++ != 0)\ next;\ print \"--- GPG --verify ---\";\ system(\"gpg --verify \" TMPFILE \" 2>&1\");\ print \"--- GPG --verify ---\";\ print \"\";\ next;\ }\ /^-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----/,/^-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----/ {\ next;\ }\ {print}\ '" print } define RK { !printf 'Key IDs to gpg --recv-keys: ';\ read keyids;\ gpg --recv-keys ${keyids}; } ghost V call V ghost RK call RK
IMAP メールボックスを使う
以下は簡単なヒントです。たとえば、folder と inbox を定義して IMAP サーバーフォルダーを指すようにすることもできます。 国際化された名前がサポートされています。
set v15-compat # or many servers will expire the session set imap-keepalive=240 set imap-cache=~/.imap_cache # You may want to define shortcuts to folders, for example: shortcut myimap "imaps://USER:PASS@server:port" set inbox=myimap