Autofs

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2015年8月9日 (日) 01:06時点におけるKusakata (トーク | 投稿記録)による版
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このドキュメントは AutoFS を設定する手順を解説しています。AutoFS はリムーバルメディアやネットワーク共有などが接続されたりアクセスされたときに自動でマウントするパッケージです。

インストール

autofs をインストールしてください。

ノート: autofs4 モジュールをロードする必要はなくなりました。

設定

AutoFS ではテンプレートファイルを使って設定します。ファイルは /etc/autofs にあります。メインのテンプレートは auto.master で、メディアタイプに合わせて他のテンプレートを読み込むことができます。

  • お好きなエディタで /etc/autofs/auto.master ファイルを開いて下さい。以下のようになっているはずです:
/etc/autofs/auto.master
#/media /etc/autofs/auto.media

The first value on each line determines the base directory under which all the media in a template are mounted, the second value is which template to use. The default base path is /media, but you can change this to any other location you prefer. For instance: 

/etc/autofs/auto.master
/media/misc     /etc/autofs/auto.misc     --timeout=5
/media/net      /etc/autofs/auto.net      --timeout=60
ノート: Make sure there is an empty line on the end of template files (press ENTER after last word). If there is no correct EOF (end of file) line, the AutoFS daemon will not properly load.

The optional parameter timeout sets the amount of seconds after which to unmount directories.

The base directory will be created if it does not exist on your system. The base directory will be mounted on to load the dynamically loaded media, which means any content in the base directory will not be accessible while autofs is on. This procedure is however non-destructive, so if you accidentally automount into a live directory you can just change the location in auto.master and restart AutoFS to regain the original contents.

If you still want to automount to a target non-empty directory and want to have the original files available even after the dynamically loaded directories are mounted, you can use autofs to mount them to another directory (e.g. /var/autofs/net) and create soft links. 

# ln -s /var/autofs/net/share_name /media/share_name

Alternatively, you can have autofs mount your media to a specific folder, rather than inside a common folder. 

/etc/autofs/auto.master
/-     /etc/autofs/auto.template
/etc/autofs/auto.template
/path/to/folder     -options :/device/path
/home/user/usbstick  -fstype=auto,async,nodev,nosuid,umask=000  :/dev/sdb1
ノート: This can cause problems with resources getting locked if the connection to the share is lost. When trying to access the folder, programs will get locked into waiting for a response, and either the connection has to be restored or the process has to be forcibly killed before unmounting is possible. To mitigate this, only use if you will always be connected to the share, and do not use your home folder or other commonly used folders lest your file browser reads ahead into the disconnected folder
  • Open the file /etc/nsswitch.conf and add an entry for automount:
automount: files
  • テンプレートの設定が完了したら (下を参照)、root で autofs.service を有効化・起動して AutoFS デーモンを起動してください。

Devices are now automatically mounted when they are accessed, they will remain mounted as long as you access them.

リムーバルメディア

  • Open /etc/autofs/auto.misc to add, remove or edit miscellaneous devices. For instance:
/etc/autofs/auto.misc
#kernel   -ro                                        ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux
#boot     -fstype=ext2                               :/dev/hda1
usbstick  -fstype=auto,async,nodev,nosuid,umask=000  :/dev/sdb1
cdrom     -fstype=iso9660,ro                         :/dev/cdrom
#floppy   -fstype=auto                               :/dev/fd0

If you have a CD/DVD combo-drive you can change the cdrom line with -fstype=auto to have the media type autodetected.

NFS ネットワークマウント

AutoFS provides a new way of automatically discovering and mounting NFS-shares on remote servers (the AutoFS network template in /etc/autofs/auto.net has been removed in autofs5). To enable automatic discovery and mounting of network shares from all accessible servers without any further configuration, you will need to add the following to the /etc/autofs/auto.master file: 

/net -hosts --timeout=60

Each host name needs to be resolveable, e.g. the name an IP address in /etc/hosts or via DNS and please make sure you have nfs-utils installed and working. You also have to enable RPC (systemctl start|enable rpcbind) to browse shared Folders.

For instance, if you have a remote server fileserver (the name of the directory is the hostname of the server) with an NFS share named /home/share, you can just access the share by typing: 

# cd /net/fileserver/home/share
ノート: Please note that ghosting, i.e. automatically creating directory placeholders before mounting shares is enabled by default, although AutoFS installation notes claim to remove that option from /etc/conf.d/autofs in order to start the AutoFS daemon.

The -hosts option uses a similar mechanism as the showmount command to detect remote shares. You can see the exported shares by typing: 

# showmount <servername> -e

Replacing <servername> with the name of your own server.

An alternative Way is to use the automount-service from Systemd, see NFS with systemd-automount

NFS の手動設定

To mount a NFS share on server_name called /srv/shared_dir to another computer named client_pc at location /mnt/foo, edit auto.master and create a config file for the share (auto.server_name): 

/etc/autofs/auto.master
/mnt   /etc/autofs/auto.server_name --timeout 60
/etc/autofs/auto.server_name
foo  -rw,soft,intr,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 server_name:/srv/shared_dir

Samba

The Arch package does not provide any Samba or CIFS templates/scripts (23.07.2009), but the following should work for single shares:

Add the following to /etc/autofs/auto.master: 

/media/[my_server] /etc/autofs/auto.[my_server] --timeout=60 --ghost

where --timeout defines how many seconds to wait before the file system is unmounted. The --ghost option creates empty folders for each mount-point in the file in order to prevent timeouts, if a network share cannot be contacted.

Next create a file /etc/autofs/auto.[my_server] 

[any_name] -fstype=cifs,[other_options] ://[remote_server]/[remote_share_name]

You can specify a user name and password to use with the share in the other_options section: 

[any_name] -fstype=cifs,username=[username],password=[password],[other_options] ://[remote_server]/[remote_share_name]
ノート: Escape $, and other characters, with a backslash when neccessary.

FTP と SSH (FUSE を使用)

リモートの FTP や SSH サーバーには FUSE (仮想ファイルシステムレイヤー) と AutoFS でシームレスにアクセスすることができます。

リモート FTP

まず、curlftpfs パッケージをインストールしてください。

fuse モジュールをロード: 

# modprobe fuse

システムが起動するたびにモジュールがロードされるように /etc/modules-load.d/fuse.conf ファイルを作成して fuse と記述してください。

そして、/etc/autofs/auto.master に FTP サーバーのエントリを追加します: 

/media/ftp        /etc/autofs/auto.ftp    --timeout=60

/etc/autofs/auto.ftp ファイルを作成して ftp://myuser:mypassword@host:port/path の形式でサーバーを追加してください: 

servername -fstype=curl,rw,allow_other,nodev,nonempty,noatime    :ftp\://myuser\:mypassword\@remoteserver
ノート: Your passwords are plainly visible for anyone that can run df (only for mounted servers) or view the file /etc/autofs/auto.ftp.

If you want slightly more security you can create the file ~root/.netrc and add the passwords there. Passwords are still plain text, but you can have mode 600, and df command will not show them (mounted or not). This method is also less sensitive to special characters (that else must be escaped) in the passwords. The format is: 

machine remoteserver  
login myuser
password mypassword

The line in /etc/autofs/auto.ftp looks like this without user and password: 

servername -fstype=curl,allow_other    :ftp\://remoteserver

Create the file /sbin/mount.curl with this code: 

/sbin/mount.curl
 #! /bin/sh
 curlftpfs $1 $2 -o $5,disable_eprt

Create the file /sbin/umount.curl with this code: 

/sbin/umount.curl
 #! /bin/sh
 fusermount -u $1

Set the permissions for both files: 

# chmod 755 /sbin/mount.curl
# chmod 755 /sbin/umount.curl

After a restart your new FTP server should be accessible through /media/ftp/servername.

リモート SSH

These are basic instructions to access a remote filesystem over SSH with AutoFS.

ノート: パスワードを使わない認証は便利なだけでなくセキュリティ的に安全でもあります。詳しくは SSH 鍵を参照。

sshfs パッケージをインストールしてください。

fuse モジュールをロード: 

# modprobe fuse

システムが起動するたびにモジュールがロードされるように /etc/modules-load.d/fuse.conf ファイルを作成して fuse と記述してください。

openssh をインストールしてください。

SSH 鍵を生成: 

$ ssh-keygen

When the generator ask for a passphrase, just press ENTER. Using SSH keys without a passphrase is less secure, yet running AutoFS together with passphrases poses some additional difficulties which are not (yet) covered in this article.

Next, copy the public key to the remote SSH server: 

$ ssh-copy-id username@remotehost

As root, see that you can login to the remote server without entering a password: 

# ssh username@remotehost
ノート: This will add the remote server to root's list of known_hosts. Hosts can be also be manually added to /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts.

Create a new entry for SSH servers in /etc/autofs/auto.master: 

/media/ssh		/etc/autofs/auto.ssh	--timeout=60

Create the file /etc/autofs/auto.ssh and add an SSH server: 

/etc/autofs/auto.ssh
servername     -fstype=fuse,rw,allow_other,IdentityFile=/home/username/.ssh/id_rsa :sshfs\#username@host\:/

After a restart your SSH server should be accessible through /media/ssh/servername.

MTP

Android デバイスでは Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) が使われます。

mtpfs パッケージをインストールしてください。

/etc/autofs/auto.misc に MTP デバイスのエントリを追加: 

android -fstype=fuse,allow_other,umask=000     :mtpfs

トラブルシューティング

このセクションでは AutoFS に関するよくある問題の解決方法を載せています。

NIS を使用

AutoFS のバージョン 5.0.5 には NIS の高度なサポートが含まれています。AutoFS で NIS を使うには、/etc/autofs/auto.master でテンプレートの名前の前に yp: を追加してください: 

/home   yp:auto_home    --timeout=60 
/sbtn   yp:auto_sbtn    --timeout=60
+auto.master

バージョン 5.0.5 以前の NIS を使っている場合、/etc/nsswitch.conf に nis を追加してください: 

automount: files nis

任意のパラメータ

You can set parameters like timeout systemwide for all AutoFS media in /etc/default/autofs:

  • Open the /etc/default/autofs file and edit the OPTIONS line:
OPTIONS='--timeout=5'
  • To enable logging (default is no logging at all), uncomment and add --verbose to the OPTIONS line in /etc/default/autofs e.g.:
OPTIONS='--verbose --timeout=5'

After restarting the autofs daemon, verbose output is visible in systemctl status or in journalctl.

複数のデバイスを認識

USB ドライブ/スティックを複数使用する場合、AutoFS を使ってマウントポイントを設定して Udev で USB ドライブごとに名前を付けることができます。Udev ルールの設定方法については udev#固定デバイス名の設定 を見て下さい。

AutoFS のパーミッション

If AutoFS is not working for you, make sure that the permissions of the templates files are correct, otherwise AutoFS will not start. This may happen if you backed up your configuration files in a manner which did not preserve file modes. Here are what the modes should be on the configuration files:

  • 0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.master
  • 0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.media
  • 0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.misc
  • 0644 - /etc/conf.d/autofs

In general, scripts (like previous auto.net) should have executable (chmod a+x filename) bits set and lists of mounts should not.

If you are getting errors in /var/log/daemon.log similar to this, you have a permissions problem: 

May  7 19:44:16 peterix automount[15218]: lookup(program): lookup for petr failed
May  7 19:44:16 peterix automount[15218]: failed to mount /media/cifs/petr

fusermount の問題

With certain versions of util-linux, you may not be able to unmount a fuse file system drive mounted by autofs, even if you use the "user=" option. See the discussion here: http://fuse.996288.n3.nabble.com/Cannot-umount-as-non-root-user-anymore-tp689p697.html

AutoFS の代替

参照

「https://wiki.archlinux.jp/index.php?title=Autofs&oldid=3387」から取得